From the Airwaves to Webcasting, the Many Sounds of College Radio
This is the VOA Special English Education Report.
No two college radio stations sound alike.
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Some stations have a low-budget sound and students do all the work. Others, like WBRU at Brown University in Rhode Island, have a professional operation heard throughout their communities.
College stations play all kinds of music, from jazz to hard rock. Many also have news, including national or international programming.
More than three hundred college radio and television stations belong to a group called Collegiate Broadcasters Incorporated. CBI helps organize a National College Media Conference which this year took place in Washington. Hundreds of students, professors and media professionals were at the four-day event last week.
Warren Kozirenski at the State University of New York-Brockport is chairman of CBI. He points to WBRU as an example of a commercial station, meaning it earns money by selling time to advertisers.
The station is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission which polices the public airwaves. For example, the station could be fined if it broadcasts offensive language.
Many colleges and universities operate stations that are also licensed by the F.C.C but do not sell advertising. They raise money other ways, including donations from listeners. Stations like these including KTRU at Rice University in Houston are known as public broadcasters.
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College radio stations may receive money from the student government or their school administration. Warren Kozirenski says a majority have small budgets of less than fifty thousand dollars a year.
Some stations do not broadcast over the public airwaves so they do not have to follow F.C.C. rules. They stream their programming over the Internet or are heard through cable systems. Or they use low-power transmitters heard only on school grounds. Still, many of their adult advisers want the young broadcasters to act professional.
And that's the VOA Special English Education Report, written by Jill Moss. I’m Steve Ember.
从电波到网播，学院电台出现了多种声音
这里是VOA特别英语教育报道。
没有两个学院广播电台声音象这样……
一些电台播音预算低，全部由学生运作。其他象WBRU台在罗德岛的布朗大学有专业操作，声音覆盖整个社区。
学院广播站播放各种音乐，从爵士乐到重摇滚乐。也有一些新闻，包括国内或国际节目。
300多所高校的电台和电视台同属于一个名为高校广播公司(CBI)的组织。CBI帮助主办一次全国高校的新闻媒体会议，其中今年在华盛顿举行。数百名学生，教授和媒体专业人员等上周参加了为期四天的活动。
纽约布罗克波特州立大学的沃伦•卡曾仁斯克是CBI的主席。他指出WBRU作为商业台的例子，以出售时间给广告商来赚钱。
电台由管制公共无线电的联邦通讯管理委员会(F.C.C)批准。例如，电台如果播放挑衅性的语言就会被罚款。
许多学院和大学经营的广播电台也由F.C.C批准但不做广告业务。他们以其它方式筹集经费包括来自听众的捐赠。象这类电台包括在休斯敦的稻穗大学以公开播报员闻名的KTRU台。
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学院广播电台可以从学生会或者他们的学校管理当局得到钱。沃伦•卡曾仁斯克认为大多数台一年只有不足五万美元的低预算。
有的电台不占用公共电波，所以他们不必遵循联邦通信委员会的规则。他们输出自己的节目在互联网上或者是通过有线电视系统收听。或者他们使用只在学校场地上听得到的低功率发射机。仍然，他们的大多数成年顾问要求年轻广播员行为专业。
以上VOA特别英语教育报道，由吉尔·莫斯撰稿。我史蒂夫·安贝。