Unit Eight

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Science fiction is definitely not pure science, but neither is it pure fiction. This literary genre, argues science fiction writer Ben Bova, stands as a bridge between science and fiction, between reason and emotion. Moreover, science fiction is not mere entertainment, but has a more important role to play. Believe it or not, it can help us to understand the ways in which our world may change and assist us in shaping the future in the manner that we wish.

THE ROLE OF SCIENCE FICTION

Ben Bova

The year 1972 was marked by publication of a controversial book, The Limits to Growth, This study of the world's future, done by a team of MIT scientists with the aid of computer "models" of the future of our society, forecast a planet wide disaster unless humankind sharply limits its population growth and consumption of natural resources.
Most people were caught by surprise when the book came out. Many refused to believe that disaster is possible, probable, inevitable -- if we don't change our mode of running Spaceship Earth. But science fiction people were neither surprised nor outraged. The study was really old news to them. They'd been making their own "models" of tomorrow and testing them all them all their lives.
For what the scientists attempted with their computer model is very much like the thing that science fiction writers and readers have been doing for decades. Instead of using a computer to "model" a future world society, science fiction writers have used their human imaginations. This gives the writers some enormous advantages.
One of the advantages is flexibility.
Science fiction writers are not in the business of predicting the future. They do something much more important. They try to show the many possible future that lie open to us.
For there is not simply a future, a time to come that's inevitable. Our future is built, bit by bit, minute by minute, by the actions of human beings. One vital role of science fiction is to show what kinds of future might result from certain kinds of human actions.
To communicate the ideas, the fears and hopes, the shape and feel of all the infinite possible futures, science fiction writers lean heavily on another of their advantages: the art of fiction.
For while a scientist's job has largely ended when he's reduced his data to tabular or graph from, the work of a science fiction writer is just beginning. His task is to convey the human story: the scientific basis for the possible future of his story is merely the background. Perhaps "merely" is too limiting a word. Much of science fiction consists of precious little except the background, the basic idea, the gimmick. But the best of science fiction, the stories that make a lasting impact on generations of readers, are stories about people. The people may be nonhuman. They may be robots or other types of machines. But they will be people, in the sense that human readers can feel for them, share their joys and sorrows, their dangers and their ultimate successes.
The art of fiction has not changed much since prehistoric times. The formula for telling a powerful story has remained the same: create a strong character, a person of great strengths, capable of deep emotions and decisive action. Give him a weakness. Set him in conflict with another powerful character -- or perhaps with nature. Let his exterior conflict be the mirror of the protagonist's own interior conflict, the clash of his desires, his own strength against his own weakness. And there you have a story. Whether it's Abraham offering his only son to God, or Paris bringing ruin to Troy over a woman, or Hamlet and Claudius playing their deadly game, Faust seeking the world's knowledge and power -- the stories that stand out in the minds of the reader are those whose characters are unforgettable.
To show other worlds, to describe possible future societies and the problems lurking ahead, is not enough. The writer of science fiction must show how these worlds and these futures affect human beings. And something much more important: he must show how human beings can and do literally create these future worlds. For our future is largely in our own hands. It doesn't come blindly rolling out of the heavens; it is the joint product of the actions of billions of human beings. This is a point that's easily forgotten in the rush of headlines and the hectic badgering of everyday life. But it's a point that science fiction makes constantly: the future belongs to us -- whatever it is. We make it, our actions shape tomorrow. We have the brains and guts to build paradise (or at least try). Tragedy is when we fail, and the greatest crime of all is when we fail even to try.
Thus science fiction stands as a bridge between science and art, between the engineers of technology and the poets of humanity. Never has such a bridge been more desperately needed.
Writing in the British journal New Scientist, the famed poet and historian Robert Graves said in 1972, "Technology is now warring openly against the crafts, and science covertly against poetry."
What Graves is expressing is the fear that many people have: technology has already allowed machines to replace human muscle power; now it seems that machines such as electronic computers might replace human brainpower. And he goes even further, criticizing science on the grounds that truly human endeavours such as poetry have a power that scientists can't recognize.
Apparently Graves sees scientists as a sober, plodding phalanx of soulless thinking machines, never making a step that hasn't been carefully thought out in advance.
But as a historian, Graves should be aware that James Clerk Maxwell's brilliant insight about electromagnetism -- the guess that visible light is only one small slice of the spectrum of electromagnetic energy, a guess that forms the basis for electronics technology -- was an intuitive leap into the unknown. Maxwell had precious little evidence to back up his guess. The evidence came later. The list of wild jumps of intuition made by these supposedly stolid, humorless scientists is long indeed.
Scientists are human beings! They are just as human, intuitive, and emotional as anyone else. But most people don't realize this. They don't know scientists, any more than they know much about science.
Today most people still tend to hold scientists in awe. After all, scientists have brought us nuclear weapons, modern medicines, space flight, and underarm deodorants. Yet at the same time, we see scientists derided as fuzzy-brained eggheads or as coldly ruthless, emotionless makers of monsters. Scientists are minority group, and like most minorities they're largely hidden from the public's sight, tucked away in ghettos -- laboratories, campuses, field sites out in the desert or on Pacific atolls.
Before the public can understand and appreciate what science can and cannot do, the people must get to see and understand the scientists themselves. Get to know their work, their aims, their dreams, and their fears.
Science fiction can help to explain what science and scientists are all about to the non-scientists. It is no accident that several hundred universities and public schools are now offering science fiction courses and discovering that these classes are a meeting ground for the scientist-engineers and the humanists. Science and fiction. Reason and emotion.
The essence of the scientific attitude is that the human mind can succeed in understanding the universe. By taking thought, men can move mountains -- and have. In this sense, science is an utterly humanistic pursuit, the glorification of human intellect over the puzzling, chaotic, and often frightening darkness of ignorance.
Much of science fiction celebrates this spirit. Very few science fiction stories picture humanity as a passive species, allowing the tidal forces of nature to flow unperturbed. The heroes of science fiction stories -- the gods of the new mythology -- struggle manfully against the darkness, whether it's geological doom for the whole planet or the evil of grasping politicians. They may not always win. But they always try.
Perhaps, however, the most important aspect of science fiction's role in the modern world is best summed up in a single word: change.
After all, science fiction is the literature of change. Each and every story preaches from the same gospel: tomorrow will be different from today, violently different perhaps.
Science fiction very clearly shows that changes -- whether good or bad -- are an inherent part of the universe. Resistance to change is an archaic, and nowadays dangerous, habit of thought. The world will change. It is changing constantly. Humanity's most fruitful course of action is to determine how to shape these changes, how to influence them and produce an environment where the changes that occur are those we want.
Perhaps this is the ultimate role of science fiction: to act as an interpreter of science to humanity. This is a two-edged weapon, of course. It is necessary to warn as well as evangelize. Science can kill as well as create; technology can deaden the human spirit or life it to the farthermost corners of our imaginations. Only knowledgeable people can wisely decide how to use science and technology for humankind's benefit. In the end, this is the ultimate role of all art: to show ourselves to ourselves, to help us to understand our own humanity.

New Words
genre
n. a particular type of art, writing, music, etc., which has certain characteristics that all examples of this type share（文艺作品的）体裁，样式；类型

controversial
a. causing much argument or disagreement

forecast
vt. say what will happen ahead of time; predict

planetwide
a. extending all over the planet

humankind
n. human being in general; mankind

probable
a. likely to happen or be true

inevitable
a. which can not be avoided; certain to happen

mode
n. a way of behaving, living, operating, etc.

spaceship
n. a vehicle used for traveling in outerspace; spacecraft

flexibility
n. flexible quality

flexible
a. easily adapted to fit various conditions

tabular
a. arranged in the form of a table

gimmick
n. an ingenious or novel mechanical device 别致的玩意儿；新奇的发明

robot
n. a machine that can move and do some of the work of a human being and is usu. controlled by a computer 机器人

sorrow
n. sadness, grief

prehistoric
a. of a time before events were written down

formula
n. a fixed way of doing sth.; method 公式，程式

decisive
a. showing or marked by determination and firmness

exterior
a. on the outside; outer
n. an outer part, surface or appearance

clash
n. a strong disagreement; conflict

lurk
vi. wait in hiding. esp. for an evil purpose; exist unseen

joint
a. done or shared by two or more people

headline
n. a line usu. printed in large type at the top of a newspaper article

hectic
a. very busy; rushed

badger
vt. bother by requesting sth. repeatedly

tragedy
n. a serious play that ends unhappily; a terrible event; disaster

historian
n. an expert in history; a person who writes about history

craft
n. a trade or art needing skill, esp. with one's hands 工艺

covertly
ad. secretly

poetry
n. (the art of writing) poems

endeavor
n. an earnest effort or attempt

sober
a. not drunk; serious, solemn

plodding
a. proceeding in a slow or dull way

phalanx
n. a closely massed body of persons, animals, or things; a number of persons united for a common purpose 方阵，密集的人群（兽群、东西）；为一个共同目标而团结起来的一群人

soulless
a. having or showing no attractive or tender human qualities

electromagnetism
n. magnetism produced by an electric current; the branch of physics that deals with electricity and magnetism 电磁（学）

slice
n. a thin flat piece cut from sth; portion

electronics
n. the study of electrons and their behavior and of electronic equipment such as computers

stolid
a. not easily excited; showing no emotion; seeming dull

awe
n. a feeling of wonder and fear mixed together with deep respect

underarm
a. (euph.) of or for the armpit （为）腋下的

deodorant
n. a man-made chemical substance that destroys or hides unpleasant smells, esp. those of the human body

deride
vt. laugh at or make fun of as of no value

fuzzy
a. not clear in shape or sound; confused

fuzzy-brained a.

egghead
n. (derog.) a clever, highly-educated person, esp. one who is impractical

minority
n. a group of people of a different race, religion or nationality from the rest of society

tuck
vt. put or store in a safe or secret place

site
n. a place where sth. of special interest existed or happened

Pacific
a. 太平洋的

atoll
n. ring-shaped island made of coral partly or completely enclosing an area of sea water环礁，环状珊瑚礁

humanist
n. a student of human nature or affairs; follower of humanism 人文主义者，人本主义者；人道主义者

humanistic
of humanism or humanists

glorification
n. the act of glorifying or the state of being glorified

chaotic
a. in a state of complete disorder and confusion

celebrate
vt. mark (an event) with public or private rejoicings; praise in writing, speech, etc.

tidal
a. of or having a tide

tide
n. the regular rise and fall of the sea caused by the pull of the moon and sun 潮汐

unperturbed
a. undisturbed; calm

mythology
n. a collection of myths; the study of myths 神话集；神话学

myth
n. an ancient story that expresses the beliefs and values of a people 神话故事

manfully
ad. bravely, courageously

geological
a. of or having to do with geology

geology
n. the study of the origin, structure and history of the earth 地质学

politician
n. a person who runs for or holds a position in government

preach
v. speak publicly on a religious or moral subject

gospel
n. a set of instructions or teachings; any of the four accounts of Christ's life in the Bible 《新约》四部福音之一

archaic
a. belonging to the past; no longer used

fruitful
a. producing good results; successful

interpreter
n. a person who interprets 翻译

interpret
vi. put (a language) into the words of another language usu. by speech; make clear or explain the meaning of

interpretation n.

evangelize
vt. preach the Gospel (to)对……宣讲福音

farthermost
a. most distant; farthest

knowledgeable
a. knowing a lot

Phrases & Expression

come out
be published

bit by bit
gradually; little by little

lean on
choose, esp. for support; depend on

feel for
sympathize with

in one's hands
under one's control; be taken care of

one the grounds that
for the reason that

think out
consider, examine carefully

back up
support, esp. in an argument

tuck away
store in a safe place

take thought
perform the actions connected with thinking; think

Proper Names

Ben Bova
本.博瓦

MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
麻省理工学院

Abraham
亚伯拉罕

Paris
帕里斯

Troy
特洛伊

Hamlet
哈姆雷特

Claudius
克劳狄斯

Faust
浮士德

New Scientist
《新科学家》周刊

Robert Graves
罗伯特.格雷夫斯

James Clerk Maxwell
詹姆斯.克拉克.马克斯韦尔