5、Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The making of weathervanes (devices fixed on the top of buildings to show directions of the wind) is an ancient skill, going back to early Egyptian times. Today the craft is still very much alive in the workshop that Graham Smith has set up. He is one of the few people in the country who make hand-cut weathervanes. Graham’s designs are individually created and tailored to the specific requirements of his customers. “That way I can produce a unique personalized item,” he explains, “A lot of my customers are women buying presents for their husbands. They want a distinctive gift that represents the man’s business or leisure interests.”
It’s all a far cry from the traditional cock, the most common design for weathervanes.
It was not a cock but a witch on a broomstick that featured on the first weathervane Graham ever made. Friends admired his surprise present for his wife and began asking him to make vanes for them. “I realized that when it came to subjects that could be made into them, the possibilities were limitless,” he says.
(41)_____________.
That was five years ago and he has no regrets about his new direction. “My previous work didn’t have an artistic element to it, whereas this is exciting and creative,” he says. “I really enjoy the design side.”
(42) _____________.
Graham also keeps plenty of traditional designs in stock, since they prove as popular as the one-offs. “It seems that people are attracted to handcrafting,” Graham says. “They welcome the opportunity to acquire something a little bit different.”
(43) _____________.
“I have found my place in the market. People love the individuality and I get a lot of satisfaction from seeing a nondescript shape turn into something almost lifelike,” he says.
(44) _____________.
“And nowadays, with more and more people moving to the country, individuals want to put an exclusive finishing touch to their properties. It has been a boost to crafts like mines,”
(45) _____________.
American and Danish buyers in particular are showing interest. “Pricing,” he explains, “depends on the intricacy of the design.”His most recent request was for a curly-coated dog. Whatever the occasion, Graham can create a gift with a difference.
[A] Graham has become increasingly busy, supplying flat-packed weathervanes to clients worldwide.
[B] Graham decided to concentrate his efforts on a weathervane business. He had served an apprenticeship as a precision engineer and had worked in that trade for 15 years when he and his wife, Liz, agreed to swap roles—she went out to work as an architectural assistant and he stayed at home to look after the children and build up the business.
[C] Last month, a local school was opened with his galleon ship weathervane hoisted above it.
[D] “For centuries, weathervanes have kept communities in touch with the elements, signaling those shifts in wind direction that bring about changes in the weather,” he explains.
[E] Graham has no plans for expansion, as he wants to keep the business as a rural craft.
[F] Graham has now perfected over 100 original designs. He works to very fine detail, always seeking approval for the design of the silhouette from the customer before proceeding with the hand-cutting.
答案
41.B 42.F 43.E 44.D 45.A
总体分析
本文通过介绍格雷汉姆的个人经历说明制作风向标这种传统手工艺在现代社会又焕发了生机。
[A] 格雷汉姆忙着给世界各地的顾客供应风向标。
[B] 格雷汉姆过去的工作经历以及如何开始从事风向标生意的。
[C] 上个月开办的一所地方学校就升起了他制作的大型帆船风向标。
[D] 风向标过去的作用是使人类与天气保持联系。
[E] 格雷汉姆只想把风向标保持为一种乡村手工艺。
[F] 格雷汉姆设计得非常精细,并总是设法先让顾客对设计满意。
试题精解
41.[精解] 本题考查的知识点是:上下文的衔接
本题空格上文是文章的前三段。前两段介绍了主人公格雷汉姆是制作风向标的手工艺者,他为顾客特制不同于传统设计的风向标。第三段提到,格雷汉姆做的第一个风向标引起了朋友的兴趣,也让他自己意识到了商机的存在。空格下文即第五段第一句提到,“那是五年前的事了”。与上文衔接,空格处应继续围绕格雷汉姆从事风向标的制作展开论述。与下文衔接,空格处应论述五年前的情况。因此[B]正确。其中第一句话“格雷汉姆决定把精力投入到风向标生意上”与上文论述的“发现商机”衔接紧密,后面部分出现的“15 years”与下文“five years ago”相呼应。
42.[精解] 本题考查的知识点是:上下文的衔接+段群的主题
本题空格上文即第五段,论述了格雷汉姆对设计风向标工作的喜爱。空格下文即第七段提到,格雷汉姆也保留了很多传统设计。可见,上下文主要围绕“设计”这个主题展开论述。而且,下文出现的特征词“also”表明空格部分与下文存在递进关系。[F]中“original designs”与下文“traditional designs”对照呼应,因此是正确项。
43.[精解] 本题考查的知识点是:上下文的衔接
空格上文即第七段后半部分提到,人们对手工制作很感兴趣。空格下文即第九段开始提到,格雷汉姆已经在市场上占有了一席之地。涉及“市场”的是[E],其中“格雷汉姆想把它保持为一种乡村手工艺”与下文“占有了一定的市场”含义衔接。此外,[E]中“craft”与上文“handcrafting”是词汇重复。
44.[精解] 本题考查的知识点是:上下文内容上的呼应
空格下文即第十一段主要论述了现在像风向标制作这样的手工艺发展的原因。其中关键词是“and nowadays”,它表明了与空格处逻辑上存在并列关系。与“现在”形成对比的是“过去”,[D]论述了风向标过去传统的功能,即过去存在的原因。
45.[精解] 本题考查的知识点是:上下文的衔接+词语的复现
空格下文即全文最后一段论述了格雷汉姆销售风向标的情况,其中“buyers”为关键词。[A]和[F]分别出现了同义词“clients”和“customer”。但[F]主要谈论的是设计方面的问题,[A]才是有关销售的内容,而且“worldwide”一词与下文“American and Danish”呼应。因此[A]正确。
核心词汇或超纲词汇
(1)a far(或long) cry from习惯用语,相当于very different from(与……相差甚远,与……大相径庭),如The published book is far cry from the early manuscript.(印刷出来的书与当初的手稿相差甚远。)
(2)swap(v./n.)交换,交易,如They swapped stories about their army days.(他们互相讲述了在军队中的经历。)
(3)one-off (n.) 一次性的事物,绝无仅有的事物;(a.)一次性的,非经常的,如a ~ payment(一次性付款)
(4)nondescript(a.)莫可名状的,难以区别的,无特征的
(5)the elements(尤指恶劣的)天气
(6)touch(n.)修饰,润色,装点,如to put the finishing ~es to the report(给报告做最后的润色)。
(7)flat-packed平整包装的,即,购买者需要自己组装产品。
全文翻译
风向标(固定在建筑物顶端用来指示风向的设备)的制作是一门古老的工艺,可以追溯到古埃及时代。如今这项工艺在格雷汉姆•史密斯建立的工作室里依然散发着生机。他是这个国家里仅有的几个从事手工制作风向标的人之一。格雷汉姆的设计是为个人制作的,他按照顾客的具体要求量身订做。“这样我就能生产出独特的个性化的产品”,他解释说,“我的许多顾客都是女性,她们在为丈夫买礼物。她们想要能代表男人事业或业余兴趣的特制的礼物。”
它们与风向标最普通的设计,即传统公鸡形状的风向标相差甚远。
格雷汉姆做的第一个风向标不是公鸡形状的,而是一个在长柄扫帚上的女巫。朋友们都羡慕他这份给妻子带来惊喜的礼物,开始纷纷要求为他们也制作风向标。他说,“我意识到当涉及用风向标可以表现的题材时,其可能性是无穷无尽的。”
格雷汉姆决定把精力投入到风向标生意上。他曾经当过精密度工程师学徒,并在这个行业中工作了15年,然后他和妻子同意交换一下角色——妻子外出工作,当助理建筑工程师,而丈夫留在家中照顾孩子并建立自己的事业。
那是五年前的事了,格雷汉姆对自己选择的新方向没有后悔。他说,“我以前的工作没有任何艺术性,而现在这种工作充满了刺激与创造性,我真的喜欢设计。”
格雷汉姆现在已经完善了100多个原创设计。他精工细作,总是在动手制作前先让顾客对轮廓的设计满意。
格雷汉姆也保留了很多传统设计,因为它们被证实与偶然的创造一样受欢迎。他说,“看上去人们对手工制作很感兴趣,他们想有机会获得一些与众不同的东西”。
格雷汉姆没有扩展(工作室)规模的计划,因为他想把它保持为一种乡村手工艺。
他说,“我已经在市场上占有了一席之地。人们喜爱个性化的东西,而当我看到一个没有任何特色的形状变得栩栩如生时,感到非常满足。”
他解释到,“几个世纪以来,风向标发送引起天气变化的风向转变的信号,从而使人类社会与天气保持联系。”
“然而现在,随着越来越多的人迁入乡村,很多人想给自己的财产做最后的独特的修饰。这促进了我这样的手工艺的发展。”
格雷汉姆越来越忙,忙着给世界各地的顾客供应平整包装的风向标。
美国和丹麦顾客特别感兴趣。他解释说,“价格的制定取决于设计的复杂性。”他最近的定单是一只卷毛狗。无论什么情况下,格雷汉姆都可以制作出与众不同的礼物。
6、Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Have you ever considered what makes a good boss good? The answer to that question is admittedly mercurial, as one person’s view of a top-notch employer will differ from somebody else’s. However, there are a number of traits, attitudes and abilities that are common to all good bosses. Moreover, the need for solid leadership skills is especially telling with smaller businesses.
“Being a good boss is important in any organization, but it’s particularly important for small business,” says Rob Sheehan, director of executive education at the James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership at the University of Maryland. “With smaller businesses, you really have the opportunity to set the tone for the entire company.”
Bearing in mind the importance of good leadership to business, consider the following lineup of skills, strategies and attributes:
41. Be inclusive.
With a smaller operation, it’s essential that everyone feels like an equal and involved part of the team. A good employer is certain to treat each employee fairly, not only in terms of salary and other forms of compensation, but also in how that employee is involved in the daily function of the business. Encourage feedback, innovation and creativity so employees feel genuinely engaged.
42. Mission, not just money.
Very few businesses operate out of sheer altruism, but that’s not to say that turning a profit is the primary philosophical and practical focus. Rather, an effective boss establishes a genuine business mission. How that takes shape depends both on the business and on the overriding focus the boss wants to set.
43. Nothing to fear but fear itself.
Many of us have had bosses who would be right at home with a knife next to their desk calendars. Make one mistake on the job and feel free to slip your head right in beneath the blade. Conversely, an effective boss encourages his or her employees not to be gun shy about occasional chaos along the road toward better job performance.
44. It’s their careers, too.
Don’t forget that the people who work for you are looking to you to help them navigate and advance their careers. As I said, it’s not all about money. But it is all about making your employees see how to improve and create meaningful careers for themselves.
45. Made, not necessarily born.
One final aspect of being a good boss is recognizing that much of what goes into being an effective leader is, in fact, learned behavior. Of course, there always have been and will be bosses who seem to have a flawless touch in leading and motivating. But for every natural, there are just as many top-flight bosses who got that way by attending management classes and seminars, reading books on effective leadership and, just as important, understanding that a good employer naturally attracts first-rate employees.
[A] “It’s important to use that different perspective to educate and encourage. But it’s also important, like a good coach, to lead your team by example. For instance, while you should point out mistakes by your employees, be sure to admit when you yourself make a mistake,” says Sheehan.
[B] “You need to create an environment of integrity, trust and respect to make absolutely certain that everyone is treated fairly, regardless of the differences they may have,” says Sheehan.
[C] “People can definitely develop good leadership capabilities,” says Sheehan. “To a certain degree, we all have innate traits that make us good bosses. All you really have to do is work to develop those traits to their utmost.”
[D] If an employee has a goal of becoming a manager or running his or her own business someday, nurture that goal. Tell them the traits they need to work on to achieve their ultimate plans.
[E] For instance, a restaurant owner may push speedy lunchtime service as a way of serving the time-strapped business community. By contrast, a medical supply outfit may emphasize how its products improve customers’ health. Not only can a clear mission(responsibility) serve to motivate employees, it can also infuse a sense of importance in their jobs.
[F] “This requires a mentality that encourages learning rather than being afraid of making a mistake. Try something new and different, but know we’re not going to kill each other if things don’t work out,” says Sheehan. “I was a swimmer in college and I swam fast when I imagined a shark was after me. I swam just as fast when I imagined I was in the Olympics. It’s a question of what you want to focus on.”
答案
41.B 42.E 43.F 44.D 45.C
总体分析
本文是说明文,主要介绍了好的雇主所具有的品质和特点。
第一、二段:指出很多特点、态度和能力是所有的好老板共有的。而且,越小的公司对于领导技能的要求就越突出。
第三至十段:具体论述好的雇主所拥有的技能、策略和品质。其中,第三段是一个引言,第四至八段分别论述。
试题精解
(一)审题,读主题词。
标题配对题中往往会给出主题词,如本题中的how to be a good boss(如何成为一位好的老板),由此考生可以预测文章的内容应包括好的老板的特点或品质。
(二)通读全文,了解大意,并判断小标题的作用。
略读全文,把握小标题和文章其他部分的逻辑关系。文章一开始提出,很多特点、态度和能力是所有好雇主所共有的。41题前最后一句话是过渡句,承上启下指出,接下来列出的是一位好雇主所拥有的技能、策略和品质。由此可以得知下述几个小标题都是好雇主的特点。
(三)浏览选项,概括大意。
由于选项部分多是段落,内容相对较多,并且和原文是非等额搭配,因此可以先概括各选项的大意,将浓缩后的信息迅速地记下来,或者将各项中的重要信息划出来,以便解题时一目了然,与小标题一一对应。本文六个选项有的是列举具体事例,有的是引用专家话语,有的则是两着兼有。其大意是:
[A] 要像一个教练一样教育你的雇员,举出实例来说服他。
[B] 要确保每一位雇员都得到公正的待遇。
[C] 我们都有成为好老板的内在品质,关键是要将它们发挥到极至。
[D] 帮助雇员实现他们自己的事业目标。
[E] 明确的职责有利于激发雇员的积极性。
[F] 要鼓励进步而非恐惧犯错。
(三)掌握论证方法,将论据与论点一一匹配
六个选项要么举例要么引用专家话语,显然文章的主要论证手法是例证和引证。根据文章的基本结构,接下来要做的就是论据和论点的匹配工作。可以先看标题后看选项,也可根据选项来找合适的标题。
41题的标题是“be inclusive”,显然,仅从标题无法判断出作者究竟要表达什么含义。因此,需要继续阅读下文的论述部分。第四段的主题句是首句:雇主要让每个雇员都觉得自己是团队平等而投入的成员。后面部分具体说明方式是什么。其中treat each employee fairly和[B]项中的everyone is treated fairly相呼应。因此[B]项正是让雇员平等而投入的方式。从而可知inclusive在这指的是(心胸)包容而广阔。
42题的标题是“使命而非金钱”。第五段首句就money展开论述,指出:企业的首要目标不是赚钱。接下来的两句话则就mission展开论述,指出:企业使命的形成也取决于老板设定的最重要的目标。至此,本段主要强调了mission的重要性,但没有具体说明它指的是什么。[E]项以餐饮和医疗器材为例说明了不同企业的不同使命,为正确选项。其中responsibility是mission的近义词。
43题的标题中的关键词是fear。第六段先将两种老板进行了比较,一种老板不允许员工犯错,另一种鼓励员工不要害怕犯错。[F]项出现了being afraid of的同义表达,该项中席翰以游泳为例说明,不要让恐惧而要让鼓励来敦促人前进。这个内容显然和前面提到的两类老板的内容相吻合。
44题的标题是“这也是他们的事业”,联系全文主旨可知代词their指的是“雇员”,careers是这个标题中的关键词。第七段对标题内容进行了阐释:要帮助雇员明白如何为自己改善和创造有意义的事业。[D]项以一名雇员为例,说明老板应该帮助雇员实现他们的目标,其中a goal of becoming a manager or running his or her own business与careers呼应。
45题的标题是“是后天的而不一定是天生的”。第八段首句对made一词进行了阐释:成为一位好的领导者是一种后天学习的行为(learned behavior)。接下来该段又列举了多种后天学习的方法:参加课程和研讨会,阅读书籍等。[C]项中席翰的一番话是对标题内容的论述:我们都有成为好的老板的内在品质,关键是要(后天)挖掘它。其中innate traits与标题中的born相对应。
核心词汇与超纲词汇
(1)mercurial(a.)水银的;活泼的,易变的~ situation(易变的形势)
(2)top-notch拔尖的,一流的,顶好的~performance一流的表演
(3)inclusive(a.)包含的,包括的;包容广阔的,范围广泛的,如~ strategies and broad vision广泛的策略和远大的视野
(4)altruism(n.)利他主义;altru-相当于前缀alter-,表示“其他”,如alternative其他选择,替代物
(5)mission(n.)使命;使团,代表团
(6)at home with 精通,熟悉,如:He is at home with Spanish(他精通西班牙语)
(7)gun shy (马、猎狗)怕枪[炮]的;风声鹤唳的,提心吊胆的
(8)touch(n.)作风,风格,手法,如professional ~专业手法
(9)natural(a.)自然的,天然的;(n.)有天赋的人,擅长做某事的人
(10)top flight 一流的,名列前矛的,领先的
全文翻译
你是否曾经想过一个好老板到底好在什么地方。诚然,这个问题的答案是因人而异的,因为一个人对优秀雇主的看法和其他人不同。然而,很多特点、态度和能力却是所有的好老板共有的。而且,越小的公司对于坚实的领导技能的要求就越突出。
马里兰大学詹姆士•麦奎格•波恩斯领导艺术管理学院领导教育课程的负责人罗布•席翰说,“在任何组织中做一个好老板都很重要,当企业规模较小时,你真地有机会来决定整个公司的风格”。
记住好的领导能力对于企业的重要性,同时考虑以下列出的技能、策略和品质:
1. 要包容广阔
在较小范围内的运作中,最关键是要让每个人都觉得自己是团队平等而投入的成员。一个好的雇主肯定会公正地对待每一位雇员,不仅在新酬和其他形式的报酬方面如此,而且在雇员如何参与公司的日常职能方面也如此。鼓励雇员的回馈意见、创新与创意,这样他们会觉得自己真正地参与到企业中。
席翰说:“你需要创造一种诚实、信任和尊敬的环境,绝对确保每一个人都得到公正的待遇,无论他们之间的差异有多大”。
2. 使命而不是金钱
很少有几家企业的运营纯粹是为了利他,但是那并不表示牟利就是首要的哲学和实用的目标。实际上,有效率的老板会建立起真正的企业使命。使命如何形成既取决于企业也取决于老板设定的最重要的目标。
比如,一位餐馆老板可能推出午间快餐服务作为服务忙碌的商业团体的一种方式。同样,医疗器材装备公司则强调它的产品如何改善顾客的健康状况。明确的使命(职责)不仅有利于激发雇员的积极性,而且在他们的工作中注入了一种重要感。
3. 除了恐惧本身之外,没有什么可恐惧的。
我们许多人曾经遇到过这样的老板,他们擅长于在台历旁放上一把刀,谁犯一个错误,就应很自然地把脑袋放在刀刃下。相反,有效率的老板鼓励他或她的员工不要提心吊胆地工作:一时的混乱是通向良好的工作表现的“必经之路”。
席翰说:“这需要一种鼓励学习而非害怕犯错的心理。尝试新的、不同的事物,但是必须清楚如果事情没有得到解决,也不必大发雷霆。我在大学时是个游泳选手。当我想象着有只鲨鱼在追我时,我游得很快;当我想象着在参加奥林匹克赛时,游得也一样快。问题在于你想要集中于什么。”
4. 这也是他们的事业。
不要忘记为你工作的人在指望着你能帮助他们开拓和发展自己的事业。正如我所说的,不完全是为了钱,而是要让你的雇员明白如何为自己改善和创造有意义的事业。
如果一名雇员的目标是有一天成为经理或经营自己公司。帮助它实现那个目标。告诉他们为了实现最终计划而需要努力培养的特点。
5. 后天制造,不一定要天生就是。
做一名好老板最后要注意的方面是:成为一位有效率的领导者很大程度上是一种后天学习的行为。当然,过去总是有而且将来还会有一些似乎在领导和激发动力方面有着完美技能的老板。但对于有领导才能的人来说,很多一流的雇主是通过参加管理课程和研讨会,阅读有关高效率领导的书籍而成长起来的,当然同样重要的是明白一个好的雇主自然会吸引一流的雇员的道理。
席翰说:“人们肯定能发挥好的领导才能。在某种程度上,我们都有成为好的老板的内在品质。你真正需要做的是尽可能将它们发挥到极至”。
7、Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Today, some 30% of small business owners don’t have a Web presence at all, while the vast majority who do are watching their sites sit stale, waiting and wanting for business. Where did things go wrong? There are common principles followed by those whose dreams of online success have become reality.
41. Build your site around your customer:
Thinking of your site as your online storefront, built around delivering the highest-quality customer experience from the moment your customer steps through the “door”.
42. Just because you built it doesn’t mean they’ll come:
If you aren’t seeing a large volume of targeted traffic to your site, it’s time to up the ante.
43. Integrate customer loyalty programs and promotions:
containing discounts, news, or friendly service reminders. Use discount promotional offers to stay in touch with past visitors to your site.
44. Justify your monthly spending through product bundling:
While pay-per-click Internet advertising is much more cost-effective than traditional media channels, bundling products together will not only increase your sales revenue, but also enable you to get more out of your per-click ad rates.
45. Measure your progress:
Your site may be live, but how is it performing?
Armed with these simple lessons, vow to make your business realize the true promise of the Internet.
[A] A manufacturing company selling $50 items was having trouble justifying the cost of online keyword ads. By bundling products to create packages of $100 or more and advertising to wholesale customers looking to buy in bulk, the manufacturer dropped its sales representative agencies and focused on large-volume buyers, such as Wal-Mart and Target. Needless to say, the company had no trouble exceeding its yearly sales quota.
[B] One of my past clients had a well-designed physical storefront, solid prices, and quality offerings. However, he wasn’t able to drive enough store traffic despite targeted advertising efforts in print publications and other offline venues. We decided to shift those ad dollars to an online pay-per-click campaign—in which the advertiser pays whenever someone clicks on its entry posted during the course of a site search based on keywords relevant to his business. The immediate impact was staggering. Online revenue soared tenfold to $1 million from $100,000 within only a few months.
[C] With today’s technology, your return can be easily measured. If you rely on your Web site as a sales tool, you can’t afford not to invest in site analytics. Make sure your Web solution includes an easy-to-use reporting tool that presents this information in a clear, concise format. After all, while metrics are a critical part of the Web equation, you don’t have the time to spend hours digging through reams of data.
[D] Years ago, I worked with a woman who sold purses online through a home-built site that lacked critical e-commerce components. After a simple redesign including product descriptions, comprehensive navigation, and a secure, user-friendly ordering system, her revenue increased fivefold. And she began receiving rave reviews from customers impressed with the ease and convenience of the online shopping experience.
[E] Online success demands more than simple presence. Your Internet investment should pay for itself with new customers and increased sales. Find a trusted partner who can help you navigate today’s (and tomorrow’s) technology and who understands the bottom-line realities of your business.
[F] One villa rental company had a Web site that generated very few calls and online bookings. I helped the company set up a “last minute deals” distribution list. By subscribing, site visitors would receive weekly e-mails offering 11th-hour discounts on villa rentals. As a result, the company captured contact information for thousands of possible customers, reduced its unused inventory to almost zero, and increased revenue significantly.
答案
41.D 42.B 43.F 44.A 45.C
总体分析
本文是一篇介绍如何成功地进行网上商务的文章,全篇例证和理证相结合,条理清楚。
第一段:作者由当今的一个现象入手,引发出诱人深思的问题,即网上商务的困境。
第二段至第五段:作者给出具体的几条原则,以引导持有网上商务梦想的人将梦想变成现实。
第六段:总结、概述这几条原则对于成功进行网上商务的的重要性。
试题精解
(一)通读全文,了解文章大意,确定小标题的作用
通过阅读各选项,进而浏览全文,把握文章主题——关于如何成功地进行网上商务的原则建议。文章一开始描述了现存的一种现象——很少有人成功地进行在线商务,并对此发出疑问,接下来为大家提供几条共同的原则,所以可以推断从第二段起的内容大部分应该都与这些原则有关。考生需要确定小标题也就是黑体字在文中的作用以及与上下文之间的联系。初步浏览全文不难发现,五个小标题都是对于几条商务原则的简要概述,各原则之间有一定的逻辑关系,但是每一条又都具有各自的独立性。标题下面的文字多是对标题的补充说明。
(二)浏览选项,概括大意。
这种题型中,由于选项部分内容可能相对较多,而且和原文是非等额搭配,因此可以先概括各选项的大意,将浓缩后的信息迅速地记下来,可以记在选项旁。或者将各项中的重要信息划出来,以便解题时一目了然,与小标题一一对应。本文六个选项有四个列举了具体事例,另外两个是说理分析。其大意分别是:
[A]一个制造公司通过捆绑销售和将网上广告销售对象确定为批发商,从而提高了销售额。
[B] 我的一个客户虽然拥各种优势条件,却仍不能招徕大量顾客,因此我帮他将网下广告的经费转移到网络销售上,结果,公司收入暴涨。
[C] 如果依赖网站作为销售工具,就必须进行网站分析,因此确保你的网站建设方案中有一套方便使用的报告工具。
[D] 通过给一位女士的网上钱包销售中增加关键的电子商务元素,使她的收入大幅增加,她也因给顾客带来舒适便捷的购物体验而受到好评。
[E] 仅有网络还不能保证在线销售的成功。还应找到一位合伙人,帮助你驾御技术并了解你生意的底线。
[F] 通过帮助一家别墅租赁公司建立“最后时限打折”分配表,使它赢得了潜在客户,使空房率达到零,从而增加了收入。
(三)掌握论证方法,将论据与论点一一匹配
既然所给六个选项中有四个都是例子,那么文章的主要论证手法就是例证。考生下一步要做的就是根据文章的基本结构,将论据和论点匹配。可以先看标题后看选项,也可根据选项寻找合适的标题。
41题的小标题是“以客户为中心建立网站”。接下来的论述是对这一标题的解释:应该把网站看作是在线的店面,从顾客踏入店门的那一刻起就传递给他们一种最优质的顾客体验。而[D]项中明确指出,该女士的在线销售因给顾客带来舒适便捷的购物体验而受到好评,因此与标题照应。
42题的小标题是“你仅仅是建立了它,并不意味着顾客就会光临”。该标题下面,作者只给出了一句话作为说明,即如果你没有看到大量的顾客光临你的网站,就是时候提高赌注了。考生应该抓住这一句的关键部分:提高赌注。从常识上讲,“下赌注”一般意味着作出某种新的尝试或者改变。而前半句提到的“没有大量顾客光临你的网站”是促使你作出这种尝试或改变的原因。阅读选项,内容和逻辑上衔接最贴切的是[B]项,其中enough store traffic和原文中的a large volume of targeted traffic相呼应,该项提到的“将网下广告的经费转移到网络销售上”则是新的大胆尝试。因此确定[B]项为正确答案。
43题的小标题是“将顾客忠诚计划和促销手段结合在一起”。在下文的论述中,作者给出了实施这一原则和建议的具体方法:包括打折、新闻和友好的提醒性服务。通过提供打折的促销活动来与网站的访问者保持联系。因此,接下来论述的内容至少应该与顾客忠诚或促销有关,甚至可能继续论述打折的销售手段。在剩余的几个选项中,[F]项直接出现了discount(折扣)一词,即提供别墅租赁折扣,此外该项中的contact information for thousands of possible customers与原文中的stay in touch with past visitors to your site相呼应。所以[F]为正确答案。
44题的小标题是“通过产品捆绑销售来证明你每月开销的必要性”。该标题将销售方式确定为捆绑销售。接下来的内容则指出这种方法不仅可以增加销售收入,还可以使你从网络点击销售中受益更多。由此,可预测接下来的内容也应围绕“捆绑销售”展开论述。[A]项中出现了bundling一词,以一个制造公司为例,论证这种销售方式使销售额得到了提高。
45题的小标题是“估计你的进展”。接下来的论述中,作者提出“也许你的网站仍在运行之中,但具体运转如何”的疑问。因此可以推断下文要论述的是如何估计网站的运转状况。大部分备选项的内容都是关于如何通过在线销售改善销售状况,只有[C]和[E]项是关于网站如何更好地运行的建议。两个选项皆为说理论证。表面上看它们都是在讲网站运转,但是[E]项主要论述了保证在线销售成功除网络以外的因素,如:合伙人。而[C]项则围绕网站分析、网站建设展开论述,因此是正确答案。
全文翻译
当今,有30%的小生意业主没有开通在线商务,而绝大多数的开通网上商务的人士也都是看着自己的网站闲置,静等生意的到来。问题到底出在哪里。下面是一些梦想获得网上商务的成功,并使梦想变成了现实的人遵从的一些共同的原则。
41、以客户为中心建立网站
把你的网站看成你的在线店面,围绕着从顾客踏入店门的那一刻起就传递给他们一种最优质的顾客体验这一观念而建。
多年前,我曾与一位在线销售钱包的女士合作。该女士的在线销售通过一个缺少严格的电子商务成份的自制网站进行。简单的重新设计中包括产品描述、全面导航以及一个安全友好的用户指令系统等。之后,她的收入增加了五倍,她也开始因为在线销售给顾客带来舒适便捷的购物体验而受到好评。
42、你仅仅是建立了它,并不意味着顾客就会光临
如果你没有看到大量的顾客光临你的网站,就是时候提高赌注了。
我过去的一个客户虽然拥有良好的店面设计,稳定的价位,优质的商品,并将广告费用主要投资在印刷宣传和其它网下活动中,却仍不能招徕大量顾客。于是我们帮他将广告的经费转移到在线点击销售上。依照这一方案,只要有人在以与广告商的生意相关的关键词为基础进行搜索的过程中,点击了广告商设置的“进入”时,广告商就会受益。直接的影响是难以令人相信的,在线收入暴涨了10倍,在仅仅几个月的时间内就由10万美元上涨到了100万美元。
43、将顾客忠诚计划和促销手段结合在一起
方法包括打折、新闻和友好的提醒性服务。通过提供打折的促销活动与网站曾经的访问者保持联系。
一家别墅租赁公司曾经拥有一个网站,但是却几乎没有接到过电话和在线预订。我帮助该公司建立了一个“最后时限打折”分配表。网站访问者注册后每周可以收到电子邮件,被告知别墅租赁提供的第11小时折扣。结果,公司获得了数以千计的潜在客户的联系信息,使空房率减小为零,从而极大地增加了收入。
44、通过产品捆绑销售来证明你每月开销的必要性
当点击销售的网络广告远远比传统的媒体渠道合算时,绑定销售不仅仅可以增加你的收入,而且可以使你从点击销售率中受益更多。
一个销售50美元物品的生产公司在论证在线广告的成本是否值得时遇到了困难。生产者绑定产品,销售100美元或者更高价值的包裹,并且将广告对象确定为大批买进的批发商。借此公司减少了销售代理,而将主要精力集中到像沃尔玛和塔吉特这样的大量买进的买主上。毫无疑问,该公司将毫不费力地超出它的年销售限额。
45、估计你的进展
也许你的网站仍在运行之中,但具体运转如何?
有了当今的技术,很容易估计你的回报。如果你依赖网站作为销售工具,就必须投资网站分析。确保你的网站建设方案中有一套方便使用的报告工具,以清晰简明的资料组织形式为你展示信息。虽然度量是网络平衡至关重要的一部分,但是我们并没有时间去钻研大量的数据。
有了这些简单的经验做装备,我相信您的网上商务一定有一个很好的前景。
多余选项翻译
仅有网络还不能保证在线销售的成功。你的网络投资需要以新的顾客和销售额的增加作为回报。找一位可信赖的合伙人,帮助你驾御现在和未来的技术并了解你生意的底线。
8、Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
As more and more material from other cultures became available, European scholars came to recognize even greater complexity in mythological traditions. Especially valuable was the evidence provided by ancient Indian and Iranian texts such as the Bhagavad-Gita and the Zend-Avesta. From these sources it became apparent that the character of myths varied widely, not only by geographical region but also by historical period.
(41) __________
He argued that the relatively simple Greek myth of Persephone reflects the concerns of a basic agricultural community, whereas the more involved and complex myths found later in Homer are the product of a more developed society.
Scholars also attempted to tie various myths of the world together in some way. From the late 18th century through the early 19th century, the comparative study of languages had led to the reconstruction of a hypothetical parent language to account for striking similarities among the various languages of Europe and the Near East. These languages, scholars concluded, belonged to an Indo-European language family. Experts on mythology likewise searched for a parent mythology that presumably stood behind the mythologies of all the European peoples.
(42) __________
For example, an expression like “maiden dawn” for “sunrise” resulted first in personification of the dawn, and then in myths about her.
Later in the 19th century the theory of evolution put forward by English naturalist Charles Darwin heavily influenced the study of mythology. Scholars researched on the history of mythology, much as they would dig fossil-bearing geological formations, for remains from the distant past.
(43) __________
Similarly, British anthropologist Sir James George Frazer proposed a three-stage evolutionary scheme in The Golden Bough. According to Frazer’s scheme, human beings first attributed natural phenomena to arbitrary supernatural forces (magic), later explaining them as the will of the gods (religion), and finally subjecting them to rational investigation (science).
The research of British scholar William Robertson Smith, published in Lectures on the Religion of the Semites (1889), also influenced Frazer. Through Smith’s work, Frazer came to believe that many myths had their origin in the ritual practices of ancient agricultural peoples, for whom the annual cycles of vegetation were of central importance.
(44) __________
This approach reached its most extreme form in the so-called functionalism of British anthropologist A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, who held that every myth implies a ritual, and every ritual implies a myth.
Most analyses of myths in the 18th and 19th centuries showed a tendency to reduce myths to some essential core—whether the seasonal cycles of nature, historical circumstances, or ritual. That core supposedly remained once the fanciful elements of the narratives had been stripped away. In the 20th century, investigators began to pay closer attention to the content of the narratives themselves.
(45) __________
[A] German-born British scholar Max Müller concluded that the Rig-Veda of ancient India-the oldest preserved body of literature written in an Indo-European language-reflected the earliest stages of an Indo-European mythology. M ller attributed all later myths to misunderstandings that arose from the picturesque terms in which early peoples described natural phenomena.
[B] The myth and ritual theory, as this approach came to be called, was developed most fully by British scholar Jane Ellen Harrison. Using insight gained from the work of French sociologist Emile Durkheim, Harrison argued that all myths have their origin in collective rituals of a society.
[C] Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud held that myths—like dreams—condense the material of experience and represent it in symbols.
[D] This approach can be seen in the work of British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor. In Primitive Culture (1871), Tylor organized the religious and philosophical development of humanity into separate and distinct evolutionary stages.
[E] The studies made in this period were consolidated in the work of German scholar Christian Gottolob Heyne, who was the first scholar to use the Latin term myths (instead of fibula, meaning “fable”) to refer to the tales of heroes and gods.
[F] German scholar Karl Otfried M ller followed this line of inquiry in his Prolegomena to a Scientific Mythology, 1825).
答案
41.F 42.A 43.D 44.B 45.C
总体分析
本文是一篇介绍19世纪神话研究发展的文学艺术理论型文章。
第一至六段:欧洲学者研究发现神话的复杂多样性不仅是地域差异也是不同历史时期造成的,于是他们试图寻找世界上神话的共性:所有欧洲神话共同的母神话,并提出此后的神话都是关于早期人类对自然现象生动形象的叙述的曲解。
第七至十二段:在进化论的影响下,神话研究中不同时期的神话被看作是反映了人类社会宗教、哲学发展的不同阶段。其中一种观点认为神话来源于农耕民族的祭祀活动。
第十三至十四段:从18世纪到20世纪,神话研究者从注重神话的本质,转向关注神话叙述形式本身。
试题精解
41.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文内容的衔接。
本题空格出现在第二段。上文提到一种结论:神话人物变化多样,不仅随地理区域也随历史时期而变化。下文则通过引用专家观点给出了论据,即他提出相对简单的希腊神话反映了初级农耕社会所关注的问题,而更为错综复杂的神话则是较发达社会的产物。因此上下文的主题都是关于历史时期对神话的影响,即不同的时期有不同的神话。由于下文中出现了特征词——人称代词he,因此空格处应出现专有人名,但所有的选项都符合这个条件,因此关键是内容上的衔接。[A]项提到,神话是曲解了早期人类对自然现象生动形象的叙述而产生的。[B]项指出所有神话源自于社会的集体宗教仪式。[C]项提到,神话像梦一样,把经历浓缩并用象征的方式表达出来。[D]项指出,人类宗教和哲学发展可以分成不同的进化阶段。[E]项谈到第一位用拉丁词myths来指英雄和神的故事的学者。显然,以上选项都超出了上下文的主题,含有新信息。而[F]项只提到一个专有人名和他的代表作,没有给出新信息。其中this line of inquiry(这种研究思路)指上文的“神话随历史时期而变化”。
注:1Persephone珀尔塞福涅,宙斯之女,被冥王劫持娶作冥后。其母亲谷神得墨忒耳大为发狂,威胁冥王如果不交还女儿就将人类世界变成永恒的冬天。他们最终达成了协议,在最温暖的夏季的开始,珀尔塞福涅被交回自己母亲的身边。而每到冬天,珀尔塞福涅也要回到地府陪伴冥王哈迪斯。而得墨忒耳也派出战车去人间播种,让经历过严酷惩罚的人间再次回复生机。2Homer荷马,希腊史诗作者,创作了西方文学最伟大的两部作品《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》。
42.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文内容的衔接。
本题空格出现在第五段中。上文提到神话研究专家们寻找一种衍生了欧洲所有民族神话的母神话。下文是举例子:像用“少女般的黎明”来表达“日出”开始是使黎明拟人化,后来则成了关于少女的神话。空格处的内容应承上启下。[A]项前部分提到,德国裔英国学者麦克斯•缪勒提出,古印度的《梨俱吠陀》(Rig Veda)是保存下来的用印欧语言创作的最古老的文献,它反映了印欧神话的最初阶段。该内容与上文的“母神话”相呼应。[A]项后部分提到,缪勒认为所有后来创作的神话都是曲解了早期人类对自然现象生动形象的叙述而产生的。而下文的例子正好说明了这个观点。因此[A]项正确。
43.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文内容的衔接+段落主题。
本题空格出现在第八段中。上文提到,学者对神话历史的研究就如同钻研化石沉积的地质构造一样。要更好地理解这句话就得再看这句话的上文,即该段首句:英国自然学家达尔文提出的进化论极大地影响了对神话的研究。它也是整段的主题句。下文首先出现的表示比较关系的逻辑词similarly(同样地,类似地)表明空格处内容和下文在逻辑上是顺接关系。下文接着提到,英国人类学家弗莱齐在其人类学名著《金枝》(The Golden Bough)中提出了人类进化历史的三个大体阶段。综合上下文,可见该段的主题都是讨论进化论观点对神话的影响。[D]项出现关键词evolutionary,谈到英国人类学家泰勒爵士在《原始文化》(Primitive Culture)一书中将人类宗教和哲学发展分成不同的进化阶段,符合段落主题,是正确答案。
44.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文内容的衔接+段落主题。
本题空格出现在第十一段中。上文提到,受英国学者史密斯的影响,弗莱齐开始相信很多神话源自古代农耕民族的宗教仪式,因为对于这些民族来说,植物一年四季的循环生长至关重要。下文提到,这种方式在英国人类学家拉德克利夫•布朗所谓的结构——功能主义里达到了极端的形式。他认为每一个神话都暗示着一种祭祀,而每一种祭祀又体现了一个神话。可见该段主题内容是关于祭祀与神话之间的关系。[B]项出现了关键词rituals,指出神话和祭祀理论在英国学者那里得到充分发展,她指出所有的神话源自于一个社会的全部祭祀。
45.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文内容的衔接+段落主题。
本题空格出现在末段。上文将18、19世纪的神话与20世纪的神话作比较,指出前一阶段趋向于把神话还原为一些本质核心的内容——不管是自然的季节循环、历史环境还是宗教仪式。一旦叙述中想象的成分被剥离后,就会剩下核心内容。而后一阶段研究者开始密切注意神话叙述本身。因此空格处的内容应延续上文,继续讨论20世纪神话的特点。[A]和[B]项分别讨论神话的本质:描述自然现象产生的误解和祭祀;[C]项强调了神话的叙述方式,指出它如梦一般,是把经历浓缩再用象征的方式表达出来的。因此和上文内容衔接紧密。
全文翻译
当从其他文化获得的资料越来越多时,欧洲的学者逐渐认识到神话传统的极大复杂性。尤其有价值的是像《薄伽梵歌》和《亚吠陀》这样的古印第安和伊朗经文提供的证据。这些来源很清楚地说明了神话人物变化多样, 不仅有地理区域的不同,也有历史时期的差别。
德国学者卡尔•奥特弗雷德•缪勒在其1825年出版的《科学神话绪论》一书中遵循了这种研究思路。
他认为, 希腊有关珀尔塞福涅的相对简单的神话反映了初级农业社会人们的忧虑,而后来在荷马史诗中发现的更复杂的神话则是较发达社会的产物。
学者们也试图以某种方式把全世界各种各样的神话联系起来。从18世纪晚期到19世纪早期,为了解释欧洲和近东各种各样语言之间的惊人相似性,对语言的比较性研究导致假设母语的重构。学者们作出结论,认为这些语言属于一种印欧语系。研究神话的专家也在探求一种共同神话,这种神话可能衍生了欧洲所有民族的神话。
德国裔英国学者麦克斯•缪勒得出结论:现存的用印欧语记载的量古老作品,古印度的《梨俱吠陀》文集反映的是最初阶段的印欧神话。穆勒把后来的所有神话归结为人们的误解,这些误解源于早期人们用来描述自然现象的生动语言。
比如,用“少女般的黎明”来表示“日出”最初使得黎明人格化,后来演变成有关少女的神话。
19世纪末期,英国的自然学家查尔斯•达尔文提出的进化理论对神话的研究产生了重要影响。学者们研究神话的历史,就像他们为了寻找遥远的古代遗迹而钻研化石沉积的地质构造一样。
在英国人类学家爱德华•伯纳德•泰勒的作品中可以发现这种方式。在他1871年出版的《原始文明》一书中,泰勒把人类的宗教和哲学发展系统地分成单独的不同的进化阶段。
同样,英国的人类学家詹姆士•乔治•弗莱齐在《金枝》一书中提出了一个“三阶段进化体系”。根据弗莱齐的体系,起初人们把自然现象归结为反复无常的超自然力量(魔法),后来把它们解释为上帝的意愿(宗教),最后,把它们归类为理性的研究(科学)。
英国学者威廉•罗伯逊•史密斯1889年登载于《有关闪族人的宗教的演讲》一文中的研究也对弗莱齐产生了影响。通过史密斯的作品,弗莱齐开始认为,许多神话源于古代农业社会人们的宗教仪式习惯,对这些人来说,植物的年轮意义非凡。
这种方法被英国学者简•艾伦•哈里森发展得充分,并逐渐被称为“神话和宗教仪式理论”。应用从法国社会学家埃米尔•德克海姆的作品中获得的见解,哈里森认为,所有神话都源于一个社会的集体宗教仪式。
这种方式在英国人类学家A•R•拉德克利夫•布朗所谓的结构——功能主义中达到了极点,他认为,每一种神话都预示着一种宗教仪式,而每一种宗教仪式也暗示着一种神话。
18世纪和19世纪有关神话的大多数分析表现出一种把神话还原为本质核心的内容的趋势——不管是自然的季节性循环、历史环境,还是宗教仪式。一旦叙述中的想象成分被剥离后,留下的可能就是核心内容。在20世纪,研究人员开始更密切地关注叙述本身。
奥地利心理分析家西格蒙德•弗洛伊德认为,神话就像梦一样,浓缩了经验素材,并用象征的方式表达出来。
干扰项[E] 这个时期里进行的研究在德国学者克里丝汀•海尹的作品中得到巩固,他是第一个用拉丁词myths(而不是fibula,意思是“神话”)来表示英雄和神的故事。