05年英语新增题型全突破
第一章 阅读理解新题型制胜方略
一、大纲要求?
根据《2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲》修订部分的要求，试卷第二部分是阅读理解新增B节，为一篇阅读文章 (500-600词)，测试文章结构，共10分，该节共5题，主要考察考生对诸如连贯性、一致性、逻辑联系等语篇、语段整体特征的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基础上弄清文章的整体和微观结构。
二、出题形式以及特点?
阅读理解新增题型的考查点在于：考查考生理解文章的总体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构和写作思路的理解和掌握。本部分的内容是一篇总长度为500～600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6～7段文字，要求考生根据文章内容从这6～7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5个选择答案。
这一新题型的增设，加大了阅读量，因为传统阅读理解中的文章长度一般为400字左右，而新题型中虽然只有一篇文章，但其总字数可达到500～600词，这无疑增加了阅读的总量，并对阅读理解提出了更高层次的要求，即不仅要有阅读速度，要对所读文章的主旨要义、具体信息要有所了解，尤其重要的是要掌握作者的写作意图、观点，区分出论点和论据，并且能够把握文章的写作结构和脉络层次，只有了解了这一切，才能比较准确地确定应该选择哪个选项。另外，此题中可供选择的文字有6～7段，也使问题答案和原文空缺处产生了差额选择，加大了选出正确答案的干扰性和难度。
不过，只要了解了这种新题型所考查的要点，在阅读文章时有意识地加强对文章写作思路和结构组织安排的理解，掌握英语文章常见的几种写作结构，对迅速增强此类新题型的应对能力还是非常有帮助的。
1．出题位置
① 句子(段首,段中,段尾 ,缺1句或1个以上的句子)?
② 段落(一般是一段)
该节分为两个部分：主干部分和选项部分。主干部分的原文约600词，其中有5段空白处—空白处的位置可能在段首、段落中间、段未，但不会是文章的第一句，一般情况下也不会是最后一句。选项部分为6或7文字，每段可能是一个句子，可能是两三个短句，也有可能是完整的段落。其中5段分属于主干部分的空白处。要求考生依据自己对文章的理解从选项中选择5段文字放回到文章中相应的5段空白处。
2 出题数量
非等额选项（题目5道，6-7个选项）
3 测试重点
考生需要认真搞清楚主干内容和结构上的关系和布局，从而分辨出选项部分从结构和内容上看是属于文章的哪个部分，并可以与空白处的上下文有机地衔接起来。一般情况下不可能有特别明显的词汇、句子等语言方面的提示，也并不要求考生过分关注某一具体的细节；而是要着眼于全文，在理解全文内容、文章结构、逻辑关系（如时间、地点、因果关系、从属关系等）的基础之上方能做出正确选择。
三、文章的结构
1?描述性结构(主要介绍事物 、问题或倾向的特点，对人物的描述如传记，包括人身体特征、家庭背景、成长过程、个性爱好、成就贡献等内容进行描述、因此时间、地点往往是出题重点)?
2?释义性结构(解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用例子比喻类比阐述)?
3?比较性结构(把两个人或事物功能、特点、优缺点进行对比)?
4?原因性结构(这种结构主要分析事物的成因，客观的、主观的、直接的、间接的)?
5?驳斥性结构(这种结构主要是先介绍一种观点，然后对其评论或驳斥，然后分析其优点缺点，危害性，最后阐明自己的观点)。
以上文章结构的知识其实反映了完型填句（段）题型的出题原则。
四、完形填句（段）题解题步骤?
1?阅读文章题目附近的句子，锁定目标答案可能的特征?
2?阅读选择项，寻找特征词?
特征词：代词、专用名词、连接词、数字、复数名词等?
3?回头再去看原文，明确1—5位置?
①开头常是主题句，不行再看前和尾?
②中间不忘主题句，前瞻后望找启示?
③ 末尾常是下结论，也可排比和例子?
4 用代入法通读全文，检查答案是否合理?
五、完形填句（段）题的解题技巧
1?就近原则寻找信息线索?
2?选项中出现时间年代时，往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系。?
3?选项中出现代词时，往往该选项往往不能放在首句，往往要注意指代成立的条件。?
it可指代前面的单数名词或整个句子；they或them指代前面的复数名词；one指代前面的单数可数名词；that指代前面的不可数名词或句子；this指代前面的单数名词或句子。
4?绝对常是干扰项，意思太泛太窄要小心?
5?警惕无关离题词，两项相近有答案?
6?选项对比原文时，与原文重复或同义改写的字越多的往往就是选项?
7?总体观、相互补，做题不用按顺序，选做易后做难，莫忘近邻上下文?
8 完形填句题常考的逻辑关系词?
并列和递进关系?
①标志词：and, indeed,also, besides, almost, even, similarly, like, correspondingly, accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover, too? ②前后句子的名词或意思具有同指性?
转折或让步的对立关系?
①标志词：but, yet, however, although, though, while, wheras, despite, by contrast, on the contrary
②前后句子的名词同指，但句意对立，往往出现以下情况：a.褒贬对立；b.句式结构对立，前肯后否、前否后肯?
例证关系?
①标志词 ：for example, for instance. for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustration, that is, namely, verify
②出题模式：a. 总结说明?例子(例证)，总结说明后往往伴有表例证关系的提示词；for example, for in stance 此时前面往往有复数名词或表述概念句子。b. 例子(例证)?总结说明，总结说明提前往往伴有提示词：thus ,therefore, in conclusion, as a result?
定义关系 ①有定义或释义关系的句子往往是文章或段落主题句，所以放段首或段尾?
②下定义的方式有：a：判断句：A is B；b：名词(被定义对象)+定语从句(定义内容)；c：名词 +同位语；d：名词+be called+名词；e：by+名词(被定义对象)+be meant + 名词(定义内容)。
③下定义时所伴随的过度词：namely, in other words, that is to say, or rather?
9?放在段首的句子的特点?
①当选项或某段段首会含有between…and ,either…or, not only…but also；?
②复数名词时，那么该段将是总分结构，其中提到的名词可能定是线索；?
③会有标点符号：或；?
10?放在段尾的句子有时也会有提示词：?
①因果连词：therefore, thus, as a result, for this reason, hence ?
②总结性连词：in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word?
③转折性连词：but, nevertheless?
六 完形填句（段）通用的解题方法?
1 主旨解题法
2 同现关系?
3 复现关系?
4 逻辑关系与解题法?
5 数单词个数解题法?
第二章 完形填句（段）题型示范及练习(20篇)
大纲样题
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41--45, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Long before Man lived on the Earth , there were fishes ,reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today ,others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now .
41)Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land ,often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.
42)____Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know noting.
43) There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom ,the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.
44)____Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important .They have a shell composed of many chambers , each representing a temporary home of the animal .As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one .Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast .
45)____ About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out .The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse . Many of the later mammals though now extinct ,were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings .
[A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
[B]Nevertheless , we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils ,From them we can tell their size and shape ,how they walked ,the kind of food they ate .
[C]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes ,first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago .About 300 million years ago the amphibians ,the animals able to live both on land and in water , appeared. They were giant ,sometimes 8 feet long ,and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam ,or layer ,or formed .The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land ,in the sea ,and in the air .
[D]The best index fossils tend to be marine creature .There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world .
[E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forma are more complex ,and among these are the sea-lilies , relations of the star-fishes ,which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed ,or to rocks .
[F]When an animal dies ,the body ,its bones ,or shell ,may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud .If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud .More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved .
[G]Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks .Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form .
本篇介绍的是史前类动物。文章结构的脉络清晰：首先介绍什么是史前动物和我们研究史前动物的依据——化石，以及化石形成的过程。随后，作者即按照动物进化的顺序——我们可以见到其化石的最早的动物，水生壳类动物，脊椎类动物——逐一加以介绍。文章部分总字数为342字，而备选答案总字数为327词，即所有的给出信息总阅读量高达669词。相当于传统阅读题型的一篇半或将近两篇文章的阅读量，从此可以看出，新题型要求我们要有较好的阅读方法和一定的阅读理解能力。
英语中的阅读方法有许多种，包括：意群式阅读、研究式阅读、浏览式阅读、查阅式阅读和跳跃式阅读等等。在做阅读新题型的阅读理解和寻找相关的答案时，应该综合利用各种阅读方法。
开始阅读时，我们应该先采用浏览式阅读对全文主旨和要点句子进行一下了解，而不能拿到文章就采取意群式阅读从头读到尾，边读边做题，这样会有抓不住文章总体结构、失于片面，从而影响对正确答案的确定。
本文第一段第一句指出：在人类出现很早以前，地球上就出现了鱼类、爬虫类、鸟类和一些哺乳动物。虽然这些动物中有一些是现今活着的各种动物的祖先，但是另一些动物现在已经灭绝了，即他们现在已经没有活着的后代了。
而第二段首句指出：偶尔我们可以根据石头里所表现出来的印记合理地推断出几百万年前灭绝了的某种动物的准确图形，尽管不能确定其颜色。
第三段中已知信息是：几乎我们所知道的所有化石都是由于水的作用而被保存在了石头中，而且大多都是生活在水里或水边的动物。因此，肯定存在过许多我们一无所知的哺乳动物、鸟类和昆虫类。
第四段中提供的信息是：还有像螃蟹一样的动物，其身体覆盖着一层角质层物质。接下来此段详细介绍了这类动物的外貌特征。
第五段缺少段首句，但是在本段的已知信息第二句中有比较明显的提示线索：在这些动物中，鹦鹉螺化石非常有趣而又很重要。它们身体上有个由许多腔室构成的硬壳，每个腔室都代表着这个动物的临时住所。
文章最后一段指出，大约七千五百万年前，爬行动物时代结束了，其中大部分物种都灭绝了。而哺乳动物迅速发展起来，我们可以追寻出许多大家熟悉的动物如大象和马的进化过程。后来的许多哺乳动物，虽然现在已经灭绝了，还是被原始的人类所了解，并被画在了壁画中或被雕刻在了骨头上。
通过这样浏览全文要点信息，我们知道本文介绍了如何通过化石了解动物的进化过程。因此，在做题找答案时，我们可以根据上下文内容线索和写作结构线索，判断每个问题的正确选项。
41．文章一开始，作者告诉我们，早在人类出现以前地球上就许多物种，现在有些物种的后代依然生存，而另外一些则没有留下后裔。在本题空白处后面文章又说岩石上偶尔会留下数百万年前就死掉了的动物精确的印记。显然，空白处应该是关于岩石与灭绝了的动物之间的关系（7个选项中有A?B?E?G四项提到了“rock”,但另外大三项意思上不符）。此外，空白处前面的“extinct”和“no descendant”均为否定意义和表达，而空白处的后面“accurate”和“much”则为肯定意义的表达；这意味着空白处的内容应该有一个结构上的“转折—只有B项符合这一条件。所以正确答案只能是B。
42．本题具有相当的难度。由于G项一开始就有“how fossils ate preserved” ,与上文和下文似乎都是相吻合的；但是G项后面讲的是动物遗体上的有机组织“organism”可能转达化成几种形式而本题空白处后面的内容则告诉人们“Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action”(岩石中几乎所有的化石都是由于水作用泥沙对于化石保存下来所起的作用—与上下文相符合。
43．本题选择的线索有两条：下文中有“There were also crab-like creatures …’,空白处显然有关于另一动物的内容；从本段开始，文章转向讨论由低级高级变化（进化）中的动物。E项开始的部分是“The earliest animals whose remains have been found…”,符合文章写作的顺序。B项与上文相符，但与下文不符，且与全文结构不相吻合。
44．本题选择的主要根据是：下文一开始就有“Of these,…”,也就是说，空白部分应该有“some, several, many”或类似的词，答案只能是A。由于文中有了“The first animals”,为避免句式上的复，作者改变句子起始的模式—这种做法很多见，因而也是考生阅读和写作中应该注意的。
45．从文章的整体结构看，这里需要一个内容的“高潮”：前面几段，动物都在不断的进化，而下文中“About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over”,这里需要有一个“交代”。只有C项符合这一条件；同时，“reptile”在本题空白处前文章中从没有提到，在下文中又没有作为新信息，因而作为正确答案的选项中一定有这个词，只有C项中有“The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the sea ,and in the air”。所以正确答案只能是C。
所以，本文的正确答案如下：
41.B 42.F 43.E 44.A 45.C
由此可见，在处理阅读新题型时，最重要的是要抓住文章主题，了解文章写作结构，要对文章的每一节、每一段给予足够的关注，清楚地掌握文章发展的脉络、层次以及句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的逻辑关系，注重文章各个段落和句子之间在内容上的衔接和连贯关系，然后再做题找答案，这样会准确率相对来说高一些。
Text 1
Directions
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1--5, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The patriotic outpouring that followed the World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks—80 percent of Americans displayed the flag on their car, house, or lapel—brought hopes of renewed voter interest. Yet turnout in this year’s congressional primaries was a mere 17 percent, no better than four years ago and only half that of three decades ago. Turnout in Tuesday’s election is expected to be less than 40 percent, significantly below what it once was.
41) _______________________________________________________. But it’s time to stop blaming the citizens. Candidates, public officials, and journalists are not giving Americans the type of campaign they deserve.
America’s politicians have also managed to invent the most unappetizing campaigns imaginable. If equivalent offerings were served at restaurants, Americans would never eat out. Attack ads have doubled in frequency since the 1770s and now account for a majority of the ads featured prominently in campaigns. Many of the attacks are so twisted that even a whiff of fresh air would topple them.
42) ____________________________________________________.
And where are the news media? They’re so enamored of infotainment and sensationalism that they can’t find time for the midterm elections. In the 1998 midterms, coverage was down by more than half over 1994. And it’s falling again—a comparison of news coverage in 10 states shows the midterm election is getting 13 percent less coverage this year than in 1998.
When Journalists deign to cover elections, they magnify the very things they rail against. Candidates are ignored or portrayed as boring if they run issue-based campaigns. Attack sound bites get airtime; positive statements land on the cutting-room floor. 43) ____________ _________________________________.
It’s not surprising voters are disenchanted with campaigns. During the 2000 election, as part of the Vanishing Voter Project at Harvard University’s Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy, we interviewed 100,000 Americans to discover why they’re disengaging from elections.
44) _________________________________________________________.
Officials unfailingly urge citizens“to do your duty and vote.” Yet, these officials embrace policies that make it harder to do that. 45) ____________________________________.
So look for a small turnout Tuesday, but don’t ask citizens to look in the mirror. Some or them have cast their eye on what’s going on in candidate—land media—land and are asking why they should be bit players in that artifice.
[A] Electoral competition is key to democracy, and America’s voters aren’t getting the full benefit of that. Only a couple of dozen of this year’s 435 US House races are competitive. Two years ago, 98.5 percent of incumbents won, typically by margins of 70 percent or more.
[B] True leadership has become so rare that politicians may no longer even dream of stepping forward to say something other than what polls tell them is safe. Tuesday’s election will surely pass without much of a debate on the momentous foreign and domestic issues facing the nation.
[C] Amid the uproar over Florida’s ballot irregularities, no commentator has seen fit to ask why polls there close at 7 p.m. Florida is one of 26 states that close their polls before 8 p.m. Unsurprisingly, turnout in these states is several percentage points below that of states where polls are open until 8 p.m. or later.
[D] As for trivial issues, why did candidate Bush’s 1970s drunk—driving arrest get more time on the network newscasts in the final days of the 2000 election than Gore’s foreign policy statements got in the entire general election?
[E] No doubt, ordinarily Americans share responsibility for their lapse in participation; it is always easier to leave the work of democracy to others.
[F] Today, 87 percent of Americans reside in states that close registration two weeks or more before the election. The majority of unregistered Americans who otherwise would cast a vote are out of luck. Only six states allow election—day registration.
[G] Their responses tell the story: 81 percent believe “most political candidates will say almost anything to get themselves elected”; 75 percent feel “political candidates are more concerned with fighting each other than with solving the nation’s problems.”
【总体分析】
本篇介绍的是美国人对选举的兴趣日渐减少，并分析了相关的几个原因。第一段揭示事情本身，后几段分析原因。就本篇而言，对文章前后结构层次的把握非常重要。
【详细解答】
41．E
本题考察段落内部的逻辑联系，空格的下文说“But it’s time to stop blaming the citizens.”，可见上文必然说到有人指责普通公民们不热衷于美国的政治选举。故答案为E。
42．B
本题考察考生对文章的总体结构的把握能力。既然第二段末句说“Candidates, public officials, and journalists are not giving Americans the type of campaign they deserve”，而且第三段又说到了officials，下文又将说到journalists，可以断定，本段应说“candidates”，即“leadership”,故B项为答案。
43．D
本题考察段落内部的逻辑理解，注意相应的词汇表达。既然空格前讲的是journalists对政治家的正面言论不感兴趣，弃置编辑室地板，而攻击性的言论却被直播(Attack sound bites get airtime; positive statements land on the cutting-room floor)，那么可以推论，D项是最符合逻辑的展开内容，用词也密切相关（ get more time on the network newscasts）。
44．G
本题涉及段落内部逻辑的把握。既然上文说“we interviewed 100,000 Americans to discover why they’re disengaging from elections.”，那么答案为G，也就很符合逻辑了。
45．F
本题同样涉及段内逻辑，既然上文说“Officials unfailingly urge citizens to do your duty and vote.. Yet, these officials embrace policies that make it harder to do that”（官员们催使公民行驶职责，参加选举，但另一方面又制定政策，使公民们很难参加投票选举），那么符合逻辑的答案必定是F项了。
Text 2
Directions
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1--5, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The place is a lovely meadow surrounded by deep woods on a hilltop overlooking a beautiful lake in the Catskill Mountains 120 miles from New York. It is quarter past eight in the morning, and you are about to commute to your office in the city. Yet there is no paved highway nearer than fifteen miles, and it is fifty to a railroad station.
41) __________________________________________. The aircraft, looking oddly like a horizontal electric fan, drones toward you. When the pilot is directly overhead, all forward movement of the machine ceases and it descends vertically until the cabin door is within a foot of the ground. On the machine’s gray side is painted Helicopter Express to New York. The door opens and you step inside.
Fifty minutes later the helicopter bus hovers over a midtown New York building, descends slowly to alight on a roof space some sixty yards square. You go into the building, take the elevator to the street below, and walk half a block to your office. Not quite an hour has elapsed since you drank your morning coffee in your home.
42) ______________________________________.
In the air age of tomorrow, the manufacture, sale, and upkeep of the direct—lift machine will become a billion—dollar industry just as the automobile industry. There will be many startling changes in our way of life.
43) ________________________________________________. A cheap, swift helicopter bus service will ferry these people to and from their work. Suburbs will include ten thousand or more square miles. Real estate values will come within the reach of average incomes, and the people will literally return to the good earth.
44) _________________________________________________. But the short haul of less than 1000 miles is equally the task of the helicopter, which can do it with the greatest efficiency.
Express and air mail will be carried from the airports to final destination by helicopter. There will be a direct—lift machine service to take airliner passengers from the airport to the city in a few minutes. There will be special delivery of perishable food to your door.
The winter growth of fresh vegetables such as beans and tomatoes, celery and lettuce, in the warm South and the Far West has been hitherto restricted because of cost and time or transportation to market. The airline and helicopter freight service will speed such healthy foods to the ends of the nation.
45) __________________________________________________________..
[A] Most important is that hundreds of thousands of people can return to the health and beauty of the countryside. Millions of acres of hitherto inaccessible land will be developed with small homes for medium-or low-income groups.
[B] And a new type of architecture-perhaps a house with a flat roof and a pleasantly designed helicopter hangar to one side of it, so that you have only to wheel the machine a few feet to take off.
[C] Does this sound like a fantasy imagined by science fiction writers? If so, I can assure you, as a practical aeronautical engineer, that such a trip is neither fantastic nor impractical. I am convinced that a helicopter bus service is not only practicable but, in fact, inevitable.
[D] Hence our eating habits will change perhaps more than we realize. Strawberries in January, as it were, available for all. The airline and helicopter freight service render all this possible.
[E] Private and bus helicopters will make possible vacations at seashore or mountain for countless thousands. The helicopter will destroy space for millions of people. Nothing is more delightful than touring in a helicopter. To hover and fill one’s eyes with an enchanting vista is to bring joy to the soul.
[F] Now you hear a low hum, and over the horizon appears a flying machine. You press the button of a box nearby and a radio signal flashes to the machine.
[G] Long-distance transportation of passengers and freight over land and sea will definitely remain the job for the large airplane.
【总体分析】
本文讲直升飞机短途服务给人们的生活带来的种种变化。前三段描述了一个假定的场面，说明直升飞机的便捷服务。第五段说“There will be many startling changes in our way of life”，这是全文的关键句，它决定了下文的几个段落的内容。
【详细解答】
41．F
本题涉及前后段的内容把握，由于前三段是描述便捷的直升飞机为“you”服务的过程，所以F项应为正确答案。
42．C
本题考察考生对全文，尤其前三段与下文的逻辑关系的把握能力。作为一个自然的过渡，既与上面的描述衔接，又与下文的内容呼应，C项是最佳选择，C中的“this”很重要。
43．A
本题既涉及考生对文章的整体结构（尤其第五段末的全文核心句）的把握，又涉及考生对下文的句意内容的理解。能够满足这两个要求的选项为A。
44．G
本题考察考生对段落内部逻辑的把握。既然下文说“But the short haul （运输）of less than 1000 miles is equally the task of the helicopter”，对应的上文就该是G项。
45．E
本题考察考生对文章结构的把握能力。既然第五段末句说了“many changes”，而文章6－10段分别讲述直升飞机的服务对人类生活带来的各种变化，那么45题，即第十段的内容应是E项。D项与上段内容重复。
Text 3
Directions
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1--5, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
A young man left hometown 22 years ago, and turned out to be a poor correspondent. After a while his letters dried up, and for six years the family had hear nothing from him. Then his sister entered his name in the Google search engine on the Web and, as she says, “There he was on a bowling league in Brazil!” Now they’re exchanging catch—up letters and photos.
Who knew Brazilian bowling leagues had Web sites? Google knew, because Google knows everything, or nearly.
41) _________________________________________________.
Google started in 1998, when two 26—year—olds, Sergei Brin and Larry Page, set up shop in a tiny office. Today they operate out of a building in Mountain View, Calif., and regional offices all over the world. Google has become the best and most successful search engine.
If you need a map of a region, Google will oblige. If you rip the rotator cuff in your shoulder, Google finds drawings that show you how it works. 42)________________________________.
An epidemiologist or social psychologist studying reactions to a phenomenon like the West Nile virus might well come here often, to learn what people are saying about it.
43) _______________________________________________. A story gets on if enough newspapers run it and give it prominence. Every minute, the computers update the page and compile related stories while dropping others. No human editors decide what’s to be emphasized. It sounds ridiculous, but it’s not bad at all.
However Google is boastful. It can’t keep itself from telling you how inconceivably fast it is. Ask it for information on Chinese archaeology and it compiles 29,400 links, adding: “search took 0.14 seconds.”
44)____________________________________________________________. It needs help distinguishing between Francis Bacon, the 20th—century painter, and Francis Bacon, the 17th—century philosopher. Sometimes Google looks a little foolish.
45) ______________________________________________. A woman wrote to Randy Cohen, the New York Times ethicist, about a friend who had gone out with a doctor and then Googled him when she got home, discovering that he had been involved in several malpractice suits. Cohen was asked whether this was a decent thing to do. He said it was and that he had done it himself. The woman’s Googling, Gohen said, was benign, just like asking her friends about this fellow.
Tired or Google? I’m afraid those who are tired of Google are tired of life.
[A] The name comes from “googol,” the mathematical term for a 1 followed by 100 zeros. This means, “a hell of a lot more than there is in the universe.” The Google people chose it because they want to organize all the data on the Web.
[B] This section also provides a rich field for ego-surfing, or entering your own name to find out what is said about you. Some consider ego-surfing neurotic, and anyone who does it every day probably suffers from an identity problem.
[C] Another problem is that identical names baffle Google.
[D] The other day, unable to resist, I found that I’ve been mentioned about 500 times in the various chat rooms that Google monitors. This provided half an hour of innocent pleasure.
[E] Now that the verb “to Google” is embedded in the language, Googling has turned out to be, for some, a moral problem.
[F] Should you wish to remember an Alex Colville painting, you may well find it among the 181 Colville images available. If you want to recall Churchill’s photo, Banff, or Cary Grant, Google will show them to you, usually in dozens of versions.
[G] Google’s news report links to 4,500 news sources around the world. On the screen it looks rather like a newspaper page, with pictures and headings, but it changes constantly as newspapers and broadcasters change what they put on the Web.
【总体分析】
本篇对Google搜索引擎的创建及其作用作了一番解说。第一、二段为引子，三、四段说明它的创建，后几段作者进行正反评说。
【详细解答】
41．A
本题考察考生对全文结构，尤其上下段的逻辑的把握。既然上段介绍了Google，下段又介绍Google的创建，那么空格选项应为A项，才符合前后逻辑。
42．F
本题涉及段落内容的前后连贯，尤其上下句的修辞排比。既然前后都是if…，那么选项当然就该是F项了。
43．G
本题同样涉及段落内上下文的逻辑把握。既然下文说到“A story（新闻故事） gets on if enough newspapers run it and give it prominence.”，那么答案就得与新闻报纸内容有关，答案显然是G项。
44．C
本题涉及段落内部逻辑。既然下文说到“It needs help distinguishing between Francis Bacon, the 20th—century painter, and Francis Bacon, the 17th—century philosopher”，那么上文就得说过Google不善区分相同得姓名人物，答案显然是C项。
45．E
本题涉及段落内逻辑。下文说到一位女士给一报纸编辑（ethicist论理学家）写信，问自己所做得事是否得体（decent），可见上文涉及伦理道德问题，所以E项为答案。
Text 4
Directions
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1--5, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
In the United States, the factory developed first in the cotton textile industry. Due to the unusual nature of its founding, the mill of Almy, Brown, and Slater, in operation by 1793, are considered as the first American factory. Like many other American enterprisers, they had tried and failed to duplicate English spinning machinery. In 1789 there came to Rhode Island a young mechanical wizard, Samuel Slater, who had worked for years in the firm of Arkwright and Strutt in Milford, England. Having memorized the minutest details of the water frames, Slater immigrated to the United States, where he joined with Almy and Brown and agreed to reproduce the equipment for a mechanized spinning mill. Although small, the enterprise served as a training ground for operatives and as a pilot operation for managers.
41)__________________________________________________. Between 1805 and 1815, 94 new cotton mills were built in New England, and the mounting competition led Almy and Brown to push their markets south and west. Only two decades after Arkwright machinery was introduced into this country, the market for yarn was becoming national and the spinning process was becoming a true factory operation as it was in England.
42) ______________________________________.
43) _______________________________________________. By 1845, for instance, the Brady’s Bend Iron Company in western Pennsylvania owned nearly 6,000 acres of mineral land and 5 miles of riverfront upon the Allegheny. It mined its own coal, ore, limestone, fire—clay, and fire—stone, made its own coke, and owned 14 miles of railway to serve its works. The plant itself consisted of 4 blast furnaces, a foundry, and rolling mills. It was equipped to perform all the processes, from getting raw materials out of the ground to delivering finished rails and metals shapes to consumers, and could produce annually between 10,000 and 15,000 tons of rails. This company, with an actual investment of ＄1,000,000, was among the largest in America before the Civil War, though there were rival works of approximately equal capacity and similar organization.
44)_____________________________________________.
How one industry could adopt new methods as a consequence of process in another industry is shown by the fact that as the sewing machine was produced on a quantity basis, the boot and shoe industry developed factory characteristics. Carriages, wagons, and even farm implements were eventually produced in large numbers. 45)_____________________________.
[A] Two events propelled these changes. One was the successful introduction of the power loom into American manufacture; the other was the organization of production so that all four states of the manufacture of cotton cloth could occur within one establishment. These states were spinning, weaving, dying, and cutting.
[B] After closely observing the workings of textile machinery in Great Britain, Francis Cabot Lowell, a New England merchant, gained sufficient knowledge or the secrets of mechanized weaving to enable him, with the help of a gifted technician, to construct a power loom superior to any that had been built to date.
[C] Finally, where markets were more extensive, where there was a substantial investment in fixed plant, and where workers were subjected to formal discipline, some firms in the traditional mill industries other than the textile and iron industries achieved factory status. The great merchant flour mills of Baltimore and Rochester fell into this category, as did some of the large packing plants in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and (after 1840) Cincinnati.
[D] In the anthracite region to the east, factory operation of furnaces and rolling mills had been achieved by 1850s. And at that time American factories were manufacturing arms, clocks and watches, and sewing machines.
[E] A number of small cotton mills soon followed, but most of them failed by the turn of the century because their promoters did not aim to a wide market. Not until the “Embargo Act” of 1807 and the consequent scarcity of English textiles that stimulated demand for domestic manufacturers did spinning mills become numerous in the United States.
[F] Consolidating all the steps of textile manufacture in a single plant lowered production costs. A large number of specialized worker were organized into departments and directed by executives who were not necessarily technical supervisors. The factory, by using power—driven machinery, produced standardized commodities in quantity.
[G] In most other industries as well, the decade of the 1830s was one of expansion and experimentation with new methods. In the primary iron industry, establishments by the 1840s dwarfed those of a quarter—century earlier, and even in the pre-steel era, some of them had passed beyond what could be called the mill state.
【总体分析】
本文介绍了工厂在美国的产生经过。前三段主要介绍棉纺织厂的形成，后三段介绍其他行业工厂的形成。
【详细解答】
41．E
本题涉及上下段的语义逻辑。依据上段末句及空格后的内容，最符合逻辑的选择为E。其实，空格后的时间词1805－1815也可作为解题依据。
42．A
本题涉及上下段的逻辑关系。A项为最佳选择，其中的“these changes”与上文末句的两个主语呼应。B和F项的首句皆有问题，与上文衔接不好。
43．G
本题涉及段内逻辑，既然下文说“By 1845, for instance, the Brady’s Bend Iron Company in western Pennsylvania owned nearly 6,000 acres of mineral land and 5 miles of riverfront upon the Allegheny.”，说明本段内容涉及其他行业，如采矿，所以答案为G。
44．D
本题涉及上下段逻辑。上段末句说“there were rival works of approximately equal capacity and similar organization.”，最符合逻辑的选择是D项，介绍一些可与之抗衡的工厂。D项中的时间也可做依据。
45．C
本题涉及段内逻辑。由于前几句讲了几个行业出现了工厂特征（factory characteristics），那么选项最好再说到几个行业也工厂化，C项符合（factory status），故为答案。
Text 5
Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps
Long before Man lived on the earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these mammals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now.1) _______________________________.
Very occasionally: the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color; we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.
2) _______________________________. Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.
3) _______________________________. There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet
4) _______________________________. Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.
5) _______________________________.
About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.
[A] The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
[B] Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.
[C] The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.
[D] The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.
[E] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.
[F] When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the .sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserve
[G] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, simply reduced to a more stable form.
参考译文
早在人类出现之前，地球上就已经有了鱼类、爬行动物、鸟类、昆虫，和一些哺乳动物。虽然这些哺乳动物中有些是现代物种的祖先，但是另外的一些现在已经灭绝，也就是说，它们现今已没有后代存活。然而，我们对它们大多数都了解颇深，原因是他们的骨骼和甲壳留存在岩层中成为化石。我们由此可判断出他们的大小、外形、行走方式、饮食特点。
真是非常偶然，岩层能够显现肌肤的纹理，因此，除了肤色外，我们可以相当准确地构想出一种已消亡几百万年的动物。这种有动物残骸的岩层可以体现很多原始大陆的特性，通常是其上生长的植被，甚至有关气候的状况。
当动物死亡时，其尸体，骨骼或甲壳通常会被溪流冲走带进湖泊或者海洋，之后被淤泥覆盖。如果在海洋中生活，其尸体很可能会下沉并被淤泥掩埋。越来越多的淤泥将其覆盖，直至骨头或甲壳深嵌其中得以保存。我们了解的所有化石几乎都保存于由水流作用而形成的岩层中，而其中大部分化石是由水生动物或亲水动物形成的。由此可见尚未知晓的哺乳动物，鸟类，昆虫不计其数。
已发掘到残骸的最早期动物都是构造单一的水生物。往后的则结构更为复杂，其中就有海百合，属海星的近亲，带有长触角，并被长茎吸附到海底或岩层上。同样还有蟹类生物，与残骸埋于角质的物质之下。残骸的每个断片都有两对脚，一对用于沙地行走，另一对用于游走。其头部呈盾牌状，带有一对复眼，其中常有成千上万的晶体。它们通常一到两英寸长，但有些长达两英尺。
水生有壳动物在岩层中有着悠久的历史并且很多不同的种类都已众所周知。这些动物当中，菊石非常有趣而且尤为重要。它们有一个由许多孔穴组成的壳，每一个孔穴相当于它临时的一个家。随着年幼者长大它会生长出一个新的孔穴并将先前的那一个封掉。在多塞特海岸的岩层中可以看到成千上万这样的菊石。
第一种有脊椎生物是鱼类，最早在三亿七千五百年前的岩层中为人所知。大约三亿年前两栖动物出现，它们既可以在陆地上又可以在海水中生活。它们体态庞大，有时长达八英寸，并且大多都生活在形成我们的煤层的沼泽滩中。两栖动物进化成爬行动物，而且它们将近一亿五千年以来一直都是最重要的生命形式，无论是在陆地上，海洋里还是天空中。
大约七千五百万年前爬行生物纪元结束，其中大部分物种已经灭绝。哺乳动物的进化迅速，我们可以追溯许多熟悉的动物如大象和马的进化过程。许多后期的哺乳动物，现今虽已灭绝，但为原始人类所熟悉并且将其用壁画和骨雕勾勒出来。
Text 6
Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.
One of the most important steps toward increasing the productivity of the poor is to make sure that they have access to educational opportunities that are at least as good as those available to the rest of the society. In fact we may very well want more educational attention directed toward them than to the children of the well-to-do, in order to overcome the social and psychological handicaps that may confront them. 1) _______________________________.
Educational programs will not produce instant results. Neither will they increase the productivity and incomes of all the poor. Nevertheless, they constitute one of the great equalizers in our society.
2) _______________________________. Unemployed persons or persons in relatively low-wage occupations and areas often do not know where better opportunities exist. Frequently, those in the areas where unemployment is low and wages are high are reluctant to publish this information for fear that an influx of labor will "spoil" what they have.
3) _______________________________. Examples include blacks breaking into positions where they may be supervising whites, and practicing professions--medicine, dentistry, accounting, law, etc.-- in which their clients may be white. Occupational and professional mobility of groups that have traditionally been discriminated against was greatly enhanced by opening previously segregated schools at all levels to students of all groups.
4) _______________________________. Some people are too old and some are too young to take advantage of them. Some are not healthy enough in either mind or body. Some may be victims of structural problems in the society. Any comprehensive or reasonably complete antipoverty program must include direct income transfers to those whose productivities cannot be increased sufficiently to enable them to earn minimum acceptable income levels.
5) _______________________________.
A very large part of present government income transfers is toward the aged through Social Security payments and Medicare. What could be more humane than taking care of the old? The fact is that many of the elderly people in our society are perfectly capable of supporting themselves, including the costs of their medical care. But Social Security payments and Medicare payments are made to them anyway, whether they are poor or not.
[A] A great problem with using government transfers of income to alleviate poverty is that they are used to subsidize the nonpoor as well as the poor. This occurs largely because special interest groups manage to worm their way into the ranks of those eligible for subsidization, and politicians have a way of catering to the voting powers of special interest groups.
[B] As a consequence of such dissatisfaction, considerable support has developed for direct income transfers in the form of negative income taxes
[C] Even under the best of circumstances, policies designed to increase the incomes of the poor cannot eliminate all poverty.
[D] In addition, vocational education and retraining programs may be useful in increasing the productivity of the adult poor.
[E] There are additional ways of increasing the productivity of the poor. Hopefully, anti discrimination measures contribute toward this end, enabling qualified persons to break into professions or occupations that were closed to them by discriminatory practices.
[F] Subsidies to farmers are much more generous to skilled, highly productive, and high income farmers than they are to the farming poor. But both veterans and farmers are highly visible, politically powerful groups.
[G] Another important measure in increasing the productivity of the poor is the improvement of labor market information.
参考译文
对于提高贫困人口生产力来说，其中最重要的一步是要确保他们获得受教育的机会，至少是和社会上其他人所能得到的同样好的教育机会。事实上，为了克服那些可能使他们怯步的社会障碍和心理障碍，我们可能非常希望将更多的教育关注投入到贫困人家的儿童身上而并非给富裕家庭的儿童以更多的关注。而且，职业教育和再培训计划可能有利于提高贫困成人的生产力。
教育计划不会立竿见影。也不会提高所有贫困人口的生产力进而增加他们的收入。然而，它们在我们社会里是重要的协调者之一。
提高贫困人口生产力的另一条重要途径是改善劳动力市场信息的渠道。失业人群和相对低收入人群通常不知道获取更好就业机会的渠道。在失业率低、收入高的领域通常情况下不乐意公布这类信息，唯恐汇集的劳动力会“破坏”原有的一切。
提高贫困人口的方法还有其它许许多多。反歧视措施可望促成这样的结果——让合格的人群从事原本因一贯的歧视做法而禁止接受他们的职业。这样的例子包括黑人在其加入的职业岗位中可能会监督白人，还有从事专业的，如医科、牙科学、会计、法律等等，而其客户可能是白人。对所有不同群体的学生开放原来各级别的种族隔离学校，使原本一直受歧视的职业的和专业的群体流动性大幅度提高。
即使在最妥善的情况下，针对提高贫困人口收入而出台的政策仍不能消除贫困。有些过分年长或年幼均不能从中受惠。有些则精神或生理上存在缺陷。有些则可能是社会结构问题的受害者。任何全面的或相当彻底的脱贫计划必须包括给那些生产力无法充足提高的人以直接所得转移以便使他们达到可接受的最低收入水平。
利用政府的所得转移来缓解贫困的一个大问题是它既被用来救济贫困人口也用以补贴非贫困人口。这种情况发生主要是特殊利益组织设法通过欺瞒手段进入有资格获取救济的队伍中，而政客有办法满足特殊利益组织的投票权。
目前政府所得转移中相当大一部分是通过社会保障资金和医疗保障方案为老年人士设计的。有什么能比关照老人更富于仁慈心呢？事实是，在我们的社会里，许多老人是有自力更生能力的。但是不管怎样, 社会保障资金和医疗费用是专门为他们设立的，无论他们是贫是富。
Text 7
Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.
Patents, trademarks, and copyrights all impart monopoly rights on inventions, business identities, and intellectual property. 1) _______________________________.
Inventions like the telephone and the electric light have revolutionized our lives and have brought riches to their inventors. Today immense expenditures are being poured into genetic research, research on faster microchips that can access larger computer memories, and research into more attractive consumer products. Both public and private research and development expenditures in 1985 were over $100 billion, and over a million scientists and engineers were employed.
2) _______________________________. Hundreds of countries were checked to ensure that the name was not previously trademarked and would not connote anything offensive to consumers. Then hundreds of millions of dollars were spent helping the public remember the new trademark. Firms like Gucci, Cartier, and Chanel invest heavily in their trade names. Chanel, for example, spends over $1 million a year on trade-name security alone.
3) _______________________________. Software developers have formed an organization to fight unauthorized duplication, and record producers use ASCAP and BMI to pressure businesses to license music for commercial purposes. ASCAP and BMI send people into businesses to see if they play background music to entertain customers. If, for example, a radio is playing, they will ask the owner to purchase a license to play the radio in the store. If the owner refuses, the agent for ASCAP or BMI will immediately retain an attorney and file a lawsuit. The law is clear--playing music for commercial purposes without a license is unlawful unless you own the copyright to the music itself. ASCAP and BMI then prorate their proceeds to the copyright homers of the music being played.
4) _______________________________.
5) _______________________________. However, businesses are hesitant to admit that their product line has been reproduced. Many fear that publicity may encourage further copying or that their customers will become wary of their brand names. In any event, counterfeiting substantially weakens the monopoly power associated with many patents, trademarks, and copyrights.
[A] Trademarks are another device conveying monopoly power to firms. Several million dollars were spent developing the EXXON name.
[B] Copyrights protect intellectual property in a number of areas including books, records, video tapes, and computer software, as well as product designs.
[C] Today, counterfeit goods are threatening all these forms of monopoly power. Numerous products are counterfeited. The imitations are typically of inferior quality. Replicas of aircraft parts and bogus "high-strength" fasteners are showing up in civilian and military aircraft. The U.S. Department of Commerce estimates that over three-quarters of a million jobs are lost to imported product "knock-offs", the industry's term for counterfeited goods.
[D] Interestingly, secrecy is the order of the day on both sides of this problem. For those
counterfeiting products, the reason is clear.
[E] Obtaining these rights is a costly endeavor.
[F] Licensing and bonding restrictions, ostensibly used to protect consumers from shoddy or fraudulent practices, may really be disguised barriers to entry.
[G] Other important legal barriers to entry included patents and copyrights. Patent and copyright monopolies may be justifiable as incentives for research and development leading to technological advances or the enrichment of our culture.
参考译文
专利、商标、版权都增添了关于发明、商业认证和知识产权的垄断权力。获得这些权利是要花九牛二虎之力的。
像电话、电灯这样的发明不仅给我们的生活带来革命性变化，而且还给它们的发明者带来了巨大的财富。现如今，巨额资金都大笔地花费在研究遗传基因，能存储更多电脑信息反应更快捷的的微芯片，和更能刺激消费的商品上。在1985年无论是公共研究还是私人研究，发展资金都超过了一千亿，将近一百万名科学家和工程师投身于此。
商标是另一种显示公司专利权的图案。几百万美元的投入就是为了发展EXXON的名声。为了确保此商标以前未曾被注册过而且不会衍射任何对消费者的无礼，对数百个国家进行了核查。花掉上百万美元为的是让公众牢记新的商标。像Gucci, Cartier, Chanel 这样的公司为他们的商标名称巨额投资。比如Chanel每年仅就商标名称保护一项就投资一百万美元。
版权在诸多领域保护知识产权，其中不光包括商品设计还有书籍、唱片、录像带、电脑软件。软件开发商已经组成了一个机构来打击未经许可的复制，唱片制造商出于商业目的使用ASCAP（美国作曲家, 作者与出版者协会）和BMI迫使公司给予音乐特许。ASCAP和BMI将人们带入公司让他们看看商家是否播放背景音乐来娱乐顾客。譬如，若是无线广播正在播放，他们会要求无线广播持有者购买一份许可证以便在商店播放无线广播。假如广播持有者予以拒绝，ASCAP和BMI的代理会立即聘请一位律师并提请诉讼。法律明文规定，出于商业目的没有获得许可证而播放音乐是违法的，除非你有那段音乐的版权。ASCAP和BMI于是按比例分获音乐版权所有者所缴纳的费用。
目前，赝品正在威胁着所有这些形式的垄断力量。琳琅满目的商品尽是伪造品。仿造的质量通常都很差。飞行器装置和高动力固定装置的复制品出现在民用班机和军用飞机里。据美国商业部估计有超过七十五万人丢掉工作是因为进口商品“杀价”，这是伪造商品的行业术语。
有趣的是，该问题无论正反方面保密能力必在议事之列。对于伪造的产品，动机是明显的。虽然如此，商家不大愿意承认它们的生产线已经被复制了。许多公司都担心广告宣传会促使进一步的复制或者会使顾客对其品牌产生顾虑。无论如何，伪造极大地削弱了与诸多专利、商标和版权有关的垄断力量。
Text 8
Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been rem