非谓语动词



分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容和副词的句法功能。

它分为现在分词和过去分词两类。

现在分词和过去分词的主要差别在于现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词则只有一般式。

现在分词表动作正在进行，表主动。过去分词及物动词表动作已经完成，表被动。

过去分词不及物动词表动作已经完成，表主动。

分词使用中的几个问题

　1、现在分词的完成式

　Having cleaned the room, I went out.

　2、现在分词的否定式

　Not having received any letter, he felt a little worried.

　3、现在分词与过去分词的不同

　现在分词表示主动、正在，过去分词表示被动、完成

　I found the man killed there.

　I found the man standing there.

　4、have结构

　We have the car repaired.

　We have repaired the car.

　We have Tom repair the car.

　We have Tom repairing the car the whole morning.

　5、分词作表语

　We were excited at the news.

　The football game is exciting.

　6、独立主格结构

　It being a fine day, we went out to visit the park.

II． 例题

　例1、Time_______， I'll go on a picnic with you.

　A. permit B. to permit C. permitted D. permitting

　解析：该题答案为D。 Time permitting…是独立主格结构，意为"如果时间允许的话…"

　例2、_______ if he had any bad habit, she replied that he was a heavy smoker.

　A. Ask B. To ask C. Asked D. Asking

　解析：该题答案为C。主语she是被问。

情态动词与助动词

I． 要点

　 助动词本身无意义，在句中帮助主要动词构成一定的时态，语态、语气，或是帮助构成否定句和疑问句，常用的助动词有

be, do, have, shall(should), will(would).

　 情态动词表一定的词义，本身并不表示动作或状态，而仅仅表达说话人的态度，它在句中须和主要动词一起构成谓语，

主要的情态动词有can(could), may (might), must, have to, ought to, need, dare, shall, should, will, would.

　1、can 能，可以，表说话人同意，许可还可表客观条件许可，如:You can go now.

　提建议或请求时可用can I, can you表客气，如Can I buy you a drink?

　can和be able to表能力时的区别。

　can表一般具有的能力，be able to表在特定条件下的能力，如:Although the driver was badly hurt,

he was able to explain what had happened.

　2、may

　（1）、可以，表说话人同意，许可或请求对方许可。You may go.

　（2）、（现在和将来）可能，也许，只用于肯定句和否定句中，如He may not be right.

　3、must, have to

　must表主观上的必须，have to表客观上的必须，如:It's getting late. I have to go. -Must I go now. -Yes, you must.

　(No, you needn't./ No, you don't have to.)

　4、need, dare这二词有实意动词和情态动词两种词性，如用作实意动词后接动词不定式to do，

如用作情态动词后接动词原形。Need I go now? --Yes, you must./No, you needn't.)

　5、shall用于第一人称疑问句中表说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请求，如，Shall we begin our lesson?

　用于二、三人称陈述句，表说话人命令、警告、允诺、威胁等口吻，如: You shall fail if you don't work harder.

　6、should表应该，意为有责任，有义务。如:We should try our best to make our country more beautiful.

　7、will表有做某事的意志、意愿、安心、打算，如 "Will you lend me your book?" "Yes, I will."，

　8、should have done表应该做而未做

　must have done表对过去事实的肯定推测

　could have done表本可以做某事

　9、判断句：肯定句用must, 否定句用can't, 不太肯定用may, might

　He must be in the office now.

　He must have gone to bed, for the light is out.

　He can't be in the office. He is at home.

　He couldn't have cleaned the classroom, because he didn't come here today.

　He might be in the office, I am not sure.

　He might have cleaned the room, I suppose.

句子种类

I． 要点

　句子按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句；按结构又分为简单句、并列句和复合句。

　1、陈述句的否定

　（1） 在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中，当主句的谓语动词是think, expect, believe, suppose,

guess, fancy, imagine等，且主句主语是第一人称时，宾语从句谓语的否定习惯上要移到主句谓语上，

如: I don't think he is right.

　（2） 含有否定意义的副词never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely的句子应视为否定句，

如: I have never been there before.

　2、反意疑问句

　（1） need和dare 既可作情态动词，又可作实意动词，在反问部分须加以区别，如We needn't leave, need we?

We don't need to leave, do we?

　（2） 陈述部分出现否定意义的副词或代词如never, seldom, few, hardly, little等时，反问部分须用肯定形式如：

He seldom comes, does he?

　（3） 陈述部分用不定代词作主语时，反问部分的主语用it ，如：Nothing can stop me, can it?

　陈述部分用everybody, everyone, somebody, someone，等作主语时，反问部分常用it，有时也用they，

如:Everybody knows that, don't they?

　（4） 陈述部分包括used to 时，反问部分可有两种形式，如: You used to get up early, usedn't (didn't) you?

　（5） 陈述部分是"there + be"结构时，反问部分用there，如:There's something wrong with you, isn't there?

　（6） 陈述部分是含有宾语从句的主从复合句时，反问部分的主语和谓语应和主句保持一致，如: He never told others

what he thought, did he?

　 但，如果是I think , I believe等 +宾语从句时，反问部分须和从句的动词保持一致，如，I don't think he is right, is he?

I don't believe he does that, does he?

　3、感叹句

　用what或how,

　What a beautiful park it is.

　How beautiful a park it is.

　How beautiful the park is.

　How we worked!

　4、祈使句

　Take care!

　Don't stand there.

　Please open the door for the old lady.

II．例题

　例1，Don't forget to post the letter, _______ ?

　A. will you 　B. do you 　C. won't you 　D. shall you

　解析：该题答案为A， 在否定句、祈使句后只用"will you"?，但肯定的祈使句后可用如，Wait for me,

will (won't, can, can't, could) you?

　例2，Let's go out for a walk, _______ ?

　A. will you 　B. won't you 　C. shall we 　D. do we

　解析：该题答案为C，let's…后加上shall we来表语气婉转、客气，而在let us后加上will you。

　例3，He hardly writes to you, _______ ?

　A. doesn't he 　B. does he 　C. do they 　D. has he

　解析：该题答案为B，hardly否定副词，反问部分要用肯定形式。

各种从句

I．要点

　根据从句在句中的句法功能，从句可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。

　1、 名词性从句

　（1） 主语从句

　What he wants is a piece of paper.

　It is believed that he can solve the problem.

　注：主语从句的谓语动词用单数。

　（2）宾语从句

　I don't know how to solve the problem.

　Do you know where he lives?

　（3）表语从句

　The problem is who can help me.

　This is why I came here.

　（4）同位语从句

　I have no idea where he went.

　I heard the news that he would come.

　同位语从句用that引导，常跟在fact, idea, news, promise, thought, message, hope, belief, doubt等词后，

that在从句中不作任何成分。

　2、定语从句

　在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词，或修饰整个主句的从句叫做定语从句，引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose,

which, that, as,和关系副词when, where, why。

　（1）that指物时一般可与which互换，但在下列情况下，要用that而不用which。

　a. 先行词有all, everything等不定代词时，如，

　Everything (that) he did is wrong.

　b. 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时，如，

　I'll read all the books (that) you lend me.

　c. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，

　This is the first letter (that) the boy has written.

　d. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时，如

　He is the very man (that) I'm looking for.

　e. 只用which的情况

　在介词后或在非限定性定语从句中

　This is the book about which we have talked a lot.

　The book, which he gave me yesterday, is very interesting.

　f. where和when作关系副词

　This is the room where I worked.

　This is the room which I stayed in.

　I remembered the day when we lived there.

　I remembered the day that I spent there.

　g. as和which

　as 可以放于句首，而which 不可以

　As you know, he is good at English.

　three of them 和three of which

　I have a lot of books, three of which are in Russian.

　I have a lot of books and three of them are in Russian.

　3、状语从句

　在复合句中起状语作用的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语、结果状语、

条件状语、行为方式状语、比较状语、让步状语等多种。

II． 例题

　例1、 _______ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business.

　A. If 　B. Whether 　C. Even if 　D. No matter when

　解析：该题答案为B。whether可以和or连用，if不可以，此外if一般仅用于宾语从句。

　例2、The way _______ these comrades look at problems is wrong.

　A. where 　B. in that 　C.X 　D. with which

　解析：该题答案为C，先行词是way，定语从句中用that或 in which来引导或不填。

　例3， ____a long time since I saw you last time.

　A．It was 　B. It is 　C. It had been 　D. It can be

　解析：该题答案为B，It is +时间数+ since引导的从句是一个句型，意为"从…时候以来过了多久了。"



主谓一致

I． 要点

　谓语受主语支配，须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这叫做主谓一致，主谓一致包括语法一致、意义上一致和就近一致。

　1、语法上一致

　（1）、以单数名词或代词，动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词要用单数，主语为复数时，谓语用复数，如，

　To work hard is necessary for a student.

　（2）、用and或both……and连接的并列主语，谓语动词用复数，如，

　Both he and I are right.

　但并列主语如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数，如, His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.

　（3）、主语是单数时，尽管后面跟有as well as, but ,except, besides, with ,along with, together with, like等，

谓语动词仍用单数，如，

　The teacher as well as his students is excited.

　（4）、某些不定代词，如做主语，谓语动词要用单数，如:Everyone has a book.

　（5）、一些只有复数形式的名词，如people, cattle, clothes等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数，如，A lot of people are

dancing outside.

　2、意义上一致

　（1）、表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数，如，

　Twenty years is not a long time.

　（2）、表示总称意义的名词public, police, cattle, clothes等作主语时，谓语动词用复数，如，

　People are talking about the accident.

　（3）、有些集合名词，如family, team等作主语，如作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数，如指其中每个成员，则用复数，如，

　My family is a big one.

　My family are watching TV.

　3、邻近一致

　用连词or, either……or, neither……nor, whether……or, not only…but also,等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，

一个是复数，则谓语动词按就近一致原则，与最靠近它的主语一致，如，

　Either you or I am mad.

II．例题

　例1、 The chemical works _______ where my father has worked for thirty years in 1949.

　A. was built B. were built C. is built D. are built

　解析：该题答案为A。works形式上是复数，意思上是单数，因此谓语动词用单数，类似的还有news, maths, politics, physics.

　例2、They each _______ a copy of the new physics.

　A. have B. has C. having D. gets

　解析：该题答案为A。They each不等于each of …, each of 这个词组作主语谓语用单数如each of the students hands

in their homework，而they each作主语，谓语要随each前面的词来变化。

倒装

I．要点

　按"主语+谓语"这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序，如果变为"谓语（或谓语的一部分）+主语"，就是倒装语序。

　1、全部倒装

　（1）there be 句型

　There is going to be a meeting.

　There is a book on the table.

　（2）here, there, now, then, in, out等副词置于句首时，主谓倒装，但如果主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不倒装，如，

　Here comes the bus.

　Here he comes.

　（3）直接引语的部分或全部位于句首时，有时也用倒装，

如，"What he said meant nothing", said the teacher.

　（4）为保持句子平衡，强调表语或状语，使上下文紧密衔接时须完全倒装，如，In front of the house sat a small boy.

2、部分倒装

　（1）so, neither, nor置于句首说明与前者情况一致时，如，

　I like swimming, so does my brother.

　（2）only +状语放在句首，如，

　Only through this method can we win.

　Only in this way can we do the work well.

　（3）含有否定意义的词置于句首，如，Hardly, scarcely, not, seldom, no sooner, never, little, at no time,

in no way, no more等，

如，Never had I heard that. Little did I know about this.

　（4）以often, so +形容词或副词开头的句子，如，

　So heavy is the box that he cannot carry it.

　（5）用于省略if的虚拟条件句中，将had, were, should提前，如，

　Were I you, I wouldn't do that.

　Had he come, we would have won.

　（6）用于某些表示祝愿的句中，如，

　May you be happy for ever.

II．例题

　例1、Not only ____ this machine but ____ it.

　A. can he run……can he repair B. can he run……he can repair

　C. he can run……he can repair D. he can run……can he repair

　解析：该题答案为B，在not only……but (also)句型中，只有but前面的部分倒装，but后面仍是正常语序。

　例2、____, it is quite easy to drill a hole in it with laser（激光）.

　A. Hard although the diamond B. Hard as the diamond is

　C. As the diamond is hard D. Has hard is the diamond

　解析：该题答案为B，在让步状语从句中，从属连词as可以表示though，但要用倒装语序。

　例3、Only in this way ____ to improve the situation there.

　A. can you hope 　B. you can hope 　C. hope can 　D. you hope

　解析：该题答案为A，

省略

I．要点

　有时为了避免重复，使语言简练紧凑，在不损害结构或引起误解的原则下，往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语。

　１、 固定习惯用词。如：

　No smoking! Thanks s lot!等。

　2. 简单句中的省略

　（１） 口语中，一、二、三人称的主语，有时还包括谓语都可以省略。如：（It is）Nice to see you!

　(This is) Li Ming speaking.

　（２） 所有格后的名词如为住宅、商店、工矿、教堂等可以省略。如：

　I'm going to visit Tom's (house).

　I met him at the tailor's (shop).

　（３） 两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to，后面的不定式可省to.

如: His job is to clean and mend the machine.

　（４） 主（宾）语补足语中的to be常省略。He was considered (to be) the best student in the class.

　（５） There be结构中 there be可同时省略，或只省略there.如：(Is there) Anything wrong?

　（６） 表示年龄的years old, 表示钟点的o'clock, minute等常省略。如：What time is it now? It's ten (o'clock).

　3从句中的省略

　（１） 宾语从句，以which, when, where, how和why引起的宾语从句谓语与主句谓语如相同，可省略从句中全部谓语，

甚至主语也可省略，仅保留wh－一词。如：

　He will come, but we don't know when (he will come).

　He didn't come, I wondered why (he didn't come).

　（２） 定语从句中可省略作宾语的关系代词，如：

　The man (whom) I saw in the street the other day is my teacher.

　（３） 状语从句，在时间、地点、让步、方式、条件状语从句中，从句主语与主句主语一致，或从句主语是it，

则be动词及其主语常可省略。如：

　I'll tell him that when (it is) possible.

　I won't go there unless (I'm) invited.

II．例题

　例１ A beam of light will not bend（弯曲）round corners unless____ to do so with the help of

a reflecting device（反射装置）。

　A made B being made C having made D to be made

　解析：该题正确答案为A。 unless后省略了it is. make sb (sth) do sth变成被动语态则为sth/ sb be made to do.

　例２ While ____my homework, I heard a cry for help.

　A do B did C doing D having done

　解析：该题答案为C。该空处省略了I'm,相当于while I'm doing my home work.如：While playing guitar, he is singing.

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