Genius cannot exist without mental disorder, according to a study that names George Orwell, LS Lowry and Lewis Carroll among 21 artists who suffered a form of autism.

　　The psychiatric portrait of some of the most imaginative minds in history claims to prove the link between madness and greatness.

　　Beethoven, Mozart, Hans Christian Andersen and Immanuel Kant are among the musicians, writers, painters and philosophers who have been diagnosed with Asperger's syndrome.

　　Prof Michael Fitzgerald, a psychiatrist and expert in the syndrome that affects social relationships but not intellect, claims that people with Asperger's can have exceptional artistic creativity, as well as mathematical genius.

　　Einstein and other engineering geniuses have already been suggested as sufferers. Prof Fitzgerald claims that some of the same genes that cause Asperger's are a source of creative brilliance.

　　One of the characteristics of Asperger's is thought to be an inability to engage in creative play. But Prof Fitzgerald says the syndrome almost certainly drove Orwell, Lowry and Carroll to writing and painting as a form of "self-help".

　　"Asperger's and creativity are two sides of the same coin - you can't get one without the other," he said.

　　His claims are set out in The Genesis of Artistic Creativity, which is to be published later this month, and have already won support from The National Autistic Society.

　　Dr Judith Gould, the director of the diagnostic unit at the National Autistic Society, said yesterday: "The theory makes sense, because one of the diagnostic criteria for Asperger's is a 'patchy' ability, where some skills are better than others.

　　"That is greatly emphasised in geniuses."

　　However, Prof John Geake, a researcher into cognitive creativity attached to Oxford University and Oxford Brookes University, was not convinced.

　　He said: "The truth is that most highly intelligent people are very competent at life." Prof Fitzgerald, a psychiatrist at Trinity College, Dublin, has diagnosed more than 900 people with the syndrome since he began practising in 1974. For the study, he assessed the personalities of 21 geniuses against the criteria for Asperger's, using biographies and first-person recollections. He believes that Orwell displayed the social impairment, narrow focus, repetitive behaviour and clumsiness typical of the syndrome. And Beethoven, who was "clumsy", "emotionally immature" and "had an unusually large head" also fit the criteria for Asperger's. An expert on Beethoven, Dr Barry Cooper, said last night that he barely recognised the description of the composer.

“疯子”和“天才”只有一线之差

　　人们常说，疯子与天才只是一线之差。日前，一项最新的研究结果也证实了这一点。这项研究涉及了著名作家乔治-奥威尔、刘易斯-卡洛尔以及画家劳瑞等21位世界知名的艺术家，研究结果向人们揭示了“疯子”与“天才”之间缺失的一环。

　　据英国《每日电讯报》网站6月11日报道，都柏林圣三一学院的精神病学家、同时也是艾斯伯格症候群(A sperger's syndrome，一种影响人们社会关系但对人的智力没有影响的精神疾病)研究专家的迈克尔-费茨杰拉德教授对历史上一些最具想象力的艺术家进行了精神病学分析之后，他提出，在“疯狂”与“伟大”之间确实存在着某种联系，即患有艾斯伯格症候群的人能够拥有超常的艺术创造力和高超的数学天赋。

　　费茨杰拉德教授通过分析认为，贝多芬、莫扎特、安徒生、康德等音乐家，作家和哲学家都患有艾斯伯格症候群。而爱因斯坦和其他一些工程学天才也被认为是这种病症的受害者。费茨杰拉德说，导致这种病症的某些遗传因子同样也是他们非凡的创造性才智的来源。

　　艾斯伯格症候群的一个典型特征即被认为是无法从事创造性游戏。但是费茨杰拉德表示，这种病症几乎的确驱使着乔治-奥威尔、劳瑞和刘易斯-卡洛尔等艺术家以一种“自助”的形式完成了他们的艺术创作——或写出了著名的小说，或完成了经典的绘画作品。费茨杰拉德说：“艾斯伯格症候群和创造力是同一事物的两个方面——两者是密不可分的。”

　　报道说，费茨杰拉德提出的这些主张目前已经赢得了英国国家孤独症协会的支持。该协会诊断小组的负责人朱迪-顾尔德博士也于日前表示：“这个理论很有意义，因为诊断艾斯伯格症候群的一个标准就是病人具有‘不调和的’才能，即某些技能要高于常人。”然而，也有一些研究人员对这一理论持有不同的看法。

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