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Exercises 1
I. Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each
unfinished statement or question four suggested answers marked A, B, C and
D are given. Choose the one you think best completes the statements or
answers the question.
1. The United Kingdom is located in ____.
A. northern Europe B. western Europe
C. northwestern Europe D. southeastern Europe
2. The two large islands that make up the British Isles are ____.
A. Scotland and Ireland
B. Britain and Scotland
C. Great Britain and Northern Ireland
D. Great Britain and Ireland
3. The British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the
Commonwealth of Nations in ____.
A. 1921 B. 1931
C. 1945 D. 1950
4. The Commonwealth of Nations is an association of independent countries
____.
A. that were once colonies of Britain
B. that have a large number of British immigrants
C. that have close relations with Britain
D. that have fought on the side of Britain in the two world wars
5. The English Channel separates the island of Great Britain from ____.
A. Denmark B. Belgium
C. France D. the Netherlands
6. England has three main land regions. They are the Southwestern Plateau,
the Pennines, and ___.
A. the Eastern Plain B. the Highland
C. the Central Lowlands D. the Southern Uplands
7. Scotland occupies the ____ third of the island of Great Britain in the
British Isles.
A. southern B. northern
C. eastern D. western
8. Northern Ireland, which takes up the northern fifth of Ireland, is a
fourth political division of ____.
A. the United Kingdom B. Ireland
C. Scotland D. Wales
9. Britain’s longest rivers are ____.
A. the Severn and the Clyde B. the Thames and the Clyde
C. the Clyde and the Humber D. the Severn and the Thames
10. The largest lake in the British Isles is ____.
A. Loch Lomond B. Loch Neagh
C. Windermere D. Ullswater
11. Britain’s climate is influenced by____, a warm ocean current that passes
the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.
A. the North Atlantic Drift B. the Brazil Current
C. the Labrador Current D. the Falkland Current
12. The English people and the English language were born from the union
of ____.
A. the Angles and the Saxons
B. Germanic conquerors and the Norman French
C. Danes or Vikings and the Norman French
D. Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons
13. Generally speaking the English southerners speak the type of English
closer to ____.
A. the Cockney B. the Queen’s English
C. the Gaelic D. the BBC English
14. Although Wales has been united with England for more than 400 years, the
Welsh has kept alive ____.
A. their own language B. their own literature
C. their own tradition D. All of the above
15. The Eisteddfod is a(n) ____ festival of poetry, music and other arts.
A. English B. Scottish
C. Welsh D. Irish
16. Nowadays the Gaelic language, which is an ancient____, is still heard in
the Highlands and the Western Isles.
A. Scottish language B. English language
C. Irish language D. Celtic language
17. Many Scottish names begin with M’, Mc or Mac, which means__
A. father of B. sun of
C. son of D. some of
18. In Northern Ireland ____ make up the dominant group.
A. Roman Catholics B. English Protestants
C. non-religious people D. Jewish people
19. Northern Ireland is small, but it is significant because of the__
A. the economic problems B. the political troubles
C. the immigration issues D. the national identity
20. About three million people have migrated to Britain since World War ll.
They are mainly from the West Indies, India and____.
A. Indonesia B. Singapore
C. Hong Kong D. Pakistan
1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.A 9.D 10.B 1l.A 12.D 13.D l4.D 15.C 16.D 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.D
Ⅱ.Define each of the following term in English.
1. the United Kingdom
2. the British Isles
3. the Commonwealth Nations
4. the ‘Chunnel’
5. Eisteddfod
(答案参见课程精讲)
III. Give a brief answer to each of the following questions.
1. What is the full name of the United Kingdom?
2. What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles?
3. What are the four political divisions of the United Kingdom?
4. What is the principal mountain chain of England?
5. What is the largest lake in the British Isles?
6. Why does the United Kingdom have a mild climate, even though it lies
farther north than our Heilongjiang Province?
7. What are the natural calamities in Britain?
8. From what language is English derived?
9. What are the ancient languages of the Welsh, the Scots, and the Irish?
10. What is an Eisteddfod?
(答案参见课程精讲)
IV. Write about 100 words on each of the following questions or topics.
1. What was the British Empire? How large was it at its height?
2. What is the Commonwealth of Nations? How does it wok?
3. How important is the English Channel to the British people?
4. What is the difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots,
Welsh and Irish?
5. What is the issue of Northern Ireland?
1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.A 9.D 10.B 1l.A 12.D 13.D l4.D 15.C 16.D 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.D
1. Britain has been one of the most important countries in the world.
About a hundred year ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion，
Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world's people and
one fourth of the world’s land area. It had colonies not only in North
America, but also in Asia, Africa and Australia. However, the two world
wars greatly weakened Britain. The British colonies became independent
one after another. The British Empire gradually declined and it was
replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in
1931.
2. (1) The British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nation is an
association of independent countries and other political units that
have lived under British law and government. It includes the United
Kingdom, about 50 independent nations that were once British colonies,
and about 25 other political units, such as territories and
dependencies.
(2) All of the independent members recognize the British Monarch as
head of the Commonwealth. But the monarch is mainly a symbol and has no
real power to govern. Britain and about l5 other Commonwealth nations
are monarchies that regard the British ruler as head of state. A few
others have their own monarchs. Over half the Commonwealth nations are
republics. The Commonwealth countries have a tradition of mutual
cooperation that stems from their common history. The Commonwealth
heads of government assemble from time to time to exchange views on
important international issues. At these meetings, the leaders seek to
identify common goals in economic and foreign affairs. They work to
coordinate their national policies to pursue these goals. But the
nations are not required to obey conclusion reached at the conferences.
3. The English Channel separates the island of Great Britain from France.
This narrow stretch of water help shaped the character and history of
the British people. It helped protect Britain from invasion and gave
the people a feeling of security. In 1066, a group of Vikings called
the Normans sailed across the channel from northwestern France and
conquered England. After the Norman Conquest, no enemy ever again
crossed the channel and invaded the country.
4. (1) The ancestors of the English are Angle-Saxons. The Anglo-Saxons,
and sometimes including the Jutes, were originally tribes of the
Germanic people who lived in the northwest of today's Germany. During
the 5th century when the Roman Empire fell, these Germanic tribes
invaded and conquered the southeastern part of Britain, driving the
native people Celts out of their homelands and into the western and
northern mountain areas. They became the new master of the land, which
they named England, meaning ‘the land of the Angles'.
(2) The Scots, Welsh and Irish are descendants of the Celts. The Celts
were different groups of ancient people who originally lived in the
upper valleys of the Danube River. Later, they spread to France, Spain,
Portugal and Northern Italy. About 700 BC, they came to Britain and
settled down. They were the ancestors of the Scots, Welsh and Irish.
5. Northern Ireland was separated from the rest of Ireland and became part
of the United Kingdom in 1921. Since then Northern Ireland has remained
a really complicated issue for the British government. The Irish in
Northern Ireland mostly feel discontented with the British government
and are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities, and
some of them even hope to reunite the whole of Ireland. But today, the
Irish are the minority in Northern Ireland. They only account for one
third of the total population there. Two-thirds of the inhabitants are
descendants of the English and Scottish immigrants. In religion the
Irish are almost entirely Catholics while the English and the Scots are
Protestants. Conflicts arise frequently among these different peoples.
The British government and the government of Ireland are now working
together to bring peace to Northern Ireland.
Geographical Features
Exercises 2
I. Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each
unfinished statement or question four suggested answers marked A, B, C and
D are given. Choose the one you think best completes the statements or
answers the question.
1. The first known settlers of Britain were the ____.
A. Celts B. Iberians
C. Beaker Folk D. Romans
2. The Celts' religion was ____.
A. Buddhism B. Islam
C. Druidism D. Christianity
3. Roman control was only effective in ____.
A. Scotland B. Wales
C. London D. The southeast of Britain
4. Christianity was first brought to England by the ____.
A. Romans B. Celts
C. Anglo-Saxons D. Danes
5. The Romans remained in control of Britain for nearly 400 years and they
pulled out in ____.
A. 306 AD B. 410 AD
C. 446 AD D. 1066 AD
6. Which of the following tribes came to Britain first?
A. The Angles. B. The Saxons.
C. The Gaels. D. The Jutes.
7. ____ became the first real king of England, though he did not assume that
style.
A. Offa B. Egbert
C. Vortigern D. Hengist
8. ____ became the first Archbishop of Canterbury.
A. Columba B. Ethelbert
C. St. Augustine D. Egbert
9. The Vikings began to attack various parts of England from the end of the
____century.
A. 7th B. 8th
C. 9th D.10th
10. Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?
A. The Anglo-Saxons. B. The Normans.
C. The Vikings. D. The Romans
11. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Alfred the Great started the English navy.
B. Alfred the Great reorganized the Saxon any, making it more
efficient.
C. Alfred the Great established schools and formulated a legal System.
D. Alfred the Great impose a tax, called the Danegeld, on the Saxons.
12. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Canute was chosen by the Witan as king of England.
B. Canute was a warrior king and fought many battles against the
Normans.
C. Canute divided power between Danes and Saxons.
D. Canute forced Malcolm II, king of the Scots, to recognize him as
overlord.
13. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Edward the Confessor was more French than English.
B. Edward the Confessor filled his court with 'foreign' favorites.
C. Edward the Confessor was on very good terms with his father-in-law,
Earl Godwin.
D. Edward the Confessor appointed a Norman priest Archbishop of
Canterbury.
14. When Edward the Confessor died, ____was chosen by the Witan as king Of
England.
A. the king of Norway
B. Harold Godwinson, Earl of Wessex
C. Edgar, Edward's nephew
D. Tostig, the deposed Earl of Northumbria
15. Tostig, Harold's brother, joined____, and made an attempt to recover his
lost earldom of Northumbria.
A. Harold Hardrada, King of Norway
B. Edgar, Edward's nephew
C. Malcolm II, King of the Scots
D. Hardicanute
16. William, Duke of Normandy, fought King Harold of England at the Battle of
Hastings in____.
A. 1086 B. 1066
C. 1035 D. 1381
17. William won the Battle of Hastings. Later, on____, he was crowned king of
England.
A. Easter Day B. St. Andrew's Day
C. Christmas Day D. Boxing Day
18. William, Duke of Normandy, is now known as____.
A. William the Confessor B. William Lion-Heart
C. the father of the British navy D. William the Conqueror
19. Most of the land belonging to the Saxons was confiscated by William and
given to____.
A. the Norman barons B. the Danes
C. the Irish D. the Scots
20. The Norman Conquest is perhaps ____event in English history.
A. a trifling B. the best-known
C. a horrifying D. a sensational
1. B 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. B l0. A 11. D 12. B l3. C l4. B l5. A 16. B 17. C l8. D 19. A 20. B
Ⅱ.Define each of the following term in English.
1. Stonehenge
2. the Hadrian's Wall
3. Heptarchy
4. the Synod of Whitby
5. the Danelaw
(答案参见课程精讲)
III. Give a brief answer to each of the following questions.
1. How long was Britain under the Roman occupation?
2. Why was the impact upon the Britons surprisingly limited?
3. When did the Anglo-Saxons begin to settle in Britain?
4. When did England begin to be christianized?
5. What was the result of the Synod of Whitby in Yorkshire in 664?
6. What did England belong to after Canute was chosen king of England?
7. Where did Harold defeat Tostig and Hardrada?
8. By whom was William crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey?
9. What did William do after he suppressed the Saxon risings in the
north?
10. Was the Norman Conquest the last successful invasion of England?
(答案参见课程精讲)
IV. Write about 100 words on each of the following questions or topics.
1. What contributions did the Anglo-Saxons make towards building the
English state?
2. Who were the Anglo-Saxons and how did the Heptachy come into being?
3. Who were the Vikings and how did they invade Britain?
4. What do you know about King Alfred? What makes him worthy of the title
of 'Alfred the Great'?
5. What were the consequences of the Norman Conquest?
1. Although the Anglo-Saxons were ferocious people, constantly
quarrelling, they laid the foundation of the English State. The name
'England' derived from the Angles. The Anglo-Saxons divided the country
into shires with shire courts and shire reeves, responsible for
administering law as comprehensive as any in the early medieval world.
They devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system, which
continued until the agricultural revolution in the 18th century. They
also established the rnanorial system, whereby the lord of the manor
collected taxes, and organized the local army. And they created the
witan to advice the king, the basis of the Privy Council, which still
exists today.
2. The Anglo-Saxons refer to the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. They
were three West Germanic tribes. The Jutes, who fished and farmed in
Jutland (now southern Denmark), came to Britain first and settled in
Kent in the mid-5th century. Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword
from northern Germany, established their kingdoms in Essex, Sussex, and
Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th
century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also
came from northern Germany, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and
Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex,
Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of
Heptarchy.
3. The Vikings (or Norsemen) were ancestors of modern Norwegians, Danes
and Swedes. They were seafarers and harassed Europe from the 9th to the
11th centuries. The Norwegians and the Danes raided various parts of
England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem
in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed
to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the
middle of the 9th century, the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon
kingdom of Wessex. Alfred, King of Wessex, was strong enough to defeat
the Danes and came to a relatively friendly agreement with them in 879.
The Danes gained control of the north and east of England ('the
Danelaw'), while Alfred ruled the rest.
4. Alfred was the King of Wessex. As a warrior king, he fought many
battles against Danish invaders. Finally he defeated the Danes and came
to a relatively friendly agreement with them in 879. He also persuaded
some Danish leaders to be baptized as Christians. Alfred is known as
'the father of the British navy' as he founded a strong fleet, which
first beat the Danes at sea, then protected the coasts and encouraged
the trade. He also reorganized the Saxon army, making it more
efficient. Alfred taught himself Latin and translated into English
Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English people. A learned man
himself, he encouraged learning in others, established schools and
formulated a legal system. This, as well as his admirable work with the
army and the navy, makes him worthy of his tit1e 'Alfred the Great'.
5. The Norman Conquest of l066 is perhaps the best-known event in English
history, and probably remains so important because England has never
been invaded since. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the
land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon
rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was
completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were
opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French
culture, language, manners' and innovations in architecture and methods
of warfare were introduced. The Church was brought into closer
connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the
civil courts.
Exercises ３
I. Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each
unfinished statement or question four suggested answers marked A, B, C and
D are given. Choose the one you think best completes the statements or
answers the question.
1. In the reign of William I, the ____were at the bottom of the feudal scale.
A. knights B. villeins
C. lesser nobles D. freemen
2. The Domesday Book was completed in____.
A. 1086 B. 1085
C. 1087 D. 1006
3. When William I died in Normandy in ____he left England to his second son
William.
A. 1100 B. 1153
C. 1087 D. 1135
4. William II was known as William Rufus because of his____
A. independence B. efficiency
C. filial piety D. red complexion
5. ____ was the founder of the Plantagenet dynasty and ruled England for 35
years.
A. Henry I B. King Stephen
C. Henry II D. Count of Anjou
6. William Rufus (William II) was killed by an arrow when he was hunting
in____ in August l100.
A. the New Forest B. Pevensey
C. Winchester D. Gloucester
7. Henry II took some measures to bring the disorders of ____reign to an end.
A. Henry I's B. King Stephen's
C. William II's D. Edward the Confessor's
8. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Henry II did some renovations of castles built in Stephen's time.
B. Henry II recalled grants of Royal lands made by Stephen.
C. Henry II strengthened the powers of his sheriffs.
D. Henry II relied for armed support upon a militia made up of English
Freemen.
9. Henry II divided the country into ____circuits and appointed traveling
judges to each of them.
A. three B. four
C. five D. six
10. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. The Bishop's courts could punish by means of censure.
B. The Bishop's courts could inflict corporal punishment.
C. The Bishop's courts could punish by means of excommunication.
D. The Bishop's courts could punish by mean of penance.
11. After Thomas Becket rejected the Constitutions of Clarendon Henry II____.
A. appointed him Chancellor of England
B. made him Archbishop of Canterbury
C. drove him into exile
D. increased the Jurisdiction of the church courts
12. Thomas Becket spent ____years on the continent and returned to England in
1l70.
A. four B. five
C. six D. seven
13. The Great Charter (or Magna Carta) was signed by King John at Runnymede
in____.
A. 1162 B. 1164
C. 1210 D. 1215
14. Simon de Montfort summoned in____ the Great Council to meet at
Westminster, together with two knights from each county and two citizens
from each town.
A. 1242 B. 1258
C. 1265 D. 1266
15. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. In the 13th century a Black Rod went between the two Houses of
Parliament for liaison and to discipline the members.
B. In the 13th century Parliament only met by royal invitation.
C. In the 13th century Parliament's role was to offer advice, not to
make decisions.
D. In the 13th century the most important part of Parliament was the
House of Lords.
16. During the reign of ____, Wales was brought under English rule.
A. Henry III B. Edward I
C. Edward II D. Edward III
17. ____ became the first prince to hold the title of Prince of Wales, which
continues to be borne by the eldest son of the reigning monarch.
A. Richard I B. Henry III
C. Edward II D. Edward III
18. The chief demand of the peasants during the Peasant Uprising of 1381
was____.
A. the abolition of villeinage
B. the punishment of the King's ministers
C. the increase of wages
D. the reform of the church
19. Wat Tyler was killed by William Walworth, ____.
A. Archbishop of York B. Mayor of London
C. Archbishop of Canterbury D. the Treasurer
20. The Peasant Uprising of 1381 did not direct against____.
A. the rich clergy B. the lawyers
C. the landowners D. the town traders
1. B 2. A 3.C 4. D 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. D l0. B 11. C l2. C 13. D l4. C 15. A 16. B 17. C 18. A l9. B 20. D
Ⅱ.Define each of the following term in English.
1. the Domesday Book
2. Thomas Becket
3. Geoffrey Chaucer
4. Joan of Arc
5. The Lollards
(答案参见课程精讲)
III. Give a brief answer to each of the following questions.
1. Why did William I give his barons large estates in England?
2. What was the Peculiar feature of the feudal system of England?
3. Why did William I have the Domesday Book compiled?
4. What was William I's policy towards the church?
5. Why did Henry II make Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury?
6. What brought Henry II into collision with Thomas Becket?
7. What are the two aspects of the Norman legacy that contributed to
great domestic unrest in England in the 12th and 13th centuries?
8. Who was the French national heroine during the Hundred Year's War who
helped the French to drive the English out of France?
9. When did the government establish rules for the first time to keep
down wages?
10. How many peasants in Kent and Essex were killed by Richard II's
troops?
(答案参见课程精讲)
IV. Write about 100 words on each of the following questions or topics.
1. How did King Henry II reform the courts and the law?
2. What do you know about the Great Charter?
3. What harm did the Black Death do to the English society?
4. What do you know about Wat Tyler's Uprising?
5. Who were the Lollards? What role did they play in the Peasant Uprising
of l381?
1. Henry II greatly strengthened the king's court and extended its
judicial wok. He divided the country into six circuits and appointed
itinerant justices to each of them. Cases which would formerly have
been heard in the old court of a local baron were now increasingly
heard before royal itinerant justices who applied the law impartially.
In Henry II's reign a common law was gradually established in place of
the customs of the manor, and the jury system was at last replacing old
English ordeal by fire and water and old Norman trials by battle. As
part of his legal reforms, Henry II insisted that all clerks charged
with criminal offences should be tried in the King's courts instead of
in the Bishop's courts.
2. The Great Charter, or Magna Carter, was a major constitutional charter
forced on King John by a group of powerful barons at Runnymede in June
l215. The barons rebelled because of John's heavy taxation to finance
wars and his exclusion of them from government. The Charter falls into
63 clauses, designed to prevent royal restriction of baronial
privileges and feudal rights. It was also a guarantee of the freedom of
the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. Although Magna
Carta has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English
liberties, the spirit of it was the limitation of the powers of the
king.
3. Black Death, the deadly bubonic plague, swept through England in the
summer of 1348 without warning and without any cure. It killed between
one half and one third of the population of England. The economic
effects of Black Death were far-reaching. As a result of the plague,
much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor.
Landowners tended to change from arable to sheep-farming. The surviving
peasants had better bargaining power and were in a position to change
their serfdom into paid labor. Some landowners tried to force peasants
back into serfdom and the government intervened for the first time to
establish rules to keep down wags. The government's repressive measures
caused deep and wide discontent in the rural areas.
4. Wat Tyler's Uprising was a peasants' revolt against the poll tax and
the labor legislation following the Black Death. The uprising broke out
in 138l and was led by Wat Tyler, Jack Straw, and John Ball. Armed
villagers and townsmen of Kent and Essex moved on London in June. They
occupied London for three days and extracted promises of redress from
King Richard II. But Tyler was killed and the rising put down. The
Peasant Uprising of 1381 had far-reaching significance in English
history. The rebellion was a truly social one, directed against the
rich clergy and the lawyers as well as against the landowners. The
uprising dealt a telling blow to villeinage, and a whole new class of
new farmer emerged, paving the way for the development of capitalism.
5. The Lollards were followers of the religious reformer John Wyclif in
England in the 14th and l5th centuries. The Lollards sought to base
their beliefs solely on the Bible and simple worship, rejecting the
organized Church altogether. They went about preaching the equality of
men before God. John Ball was the most famous of the Lollards. He was
sent to prison for his preaching, and was released from Maidstone gaol
by Wat Tyler and other rebels on their way to London. The Lollards
conducted propaganda among the masses, thus playing a very important
role in the Peasant Uprising of 1381.
Exercises 4
I. Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each
unfinished statement or question four suggested answers marked A, B, C and
D are given. Choose the one you think best completes the statements or
answers the question.
1.The name of Wars of the Roses was, in fact, coined by the great 19th
century novelist ____.
A. Charles Dickens B. George Elliot
C. Sir Walter Scott D. Charlotte Bronte
2. Although the Wars of the Roses were fought intermittently for ____ years,
ordinary people were little affected and went about their business as
usual.
A. 20 B. 30
C. 40 D. 50
3. No less than____ nobles of royal blood were killed in the Wars of the
Roses.
A. 80 B. 90
C. 100 D. 110
4. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Henry VII refilled the royal treasury through loans, subsidies,
property levies and fines.
B. Henry VII forbade the nobles to keep excessive power.
C. Henry VII built up England's navy and foreign trade.
D. Henry VII completely neglected parliament as though it never
existed.
5. Henry VIII declared himself Supreme Head of the Church of England in ____.
A. 1529 B. 1534
C. 1535 D. 1547
6. Queen Mary burnt at stake some ____men and women who refused to change
back to the Catholic faith.
A. 300 B. 350
C. 400 D. 450
7. Mary died childless and her half-sister Elizabeth came to the throne as
Elizabeth I in ____.
A. 1547 B. 1558
C. 1588 D. 1603
8. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Elizabeth I broke Mary's ties with Rome.
B. Elizabeth I restored her father's independent Church of England.
C. Elizabeth I's religious reform was a compromise of views.
D. Elizabeth I's religious settlement was acceptable to both extreme
Protestants and ardent Catholics.
9. The Renaissance began in northern Italy in the early ____century, and was
typified by the universal genius of Leonardo Da Vinci.
A. 11th B. 12th
C. 13th D. 14th
10. The English Renaissance is said to have begun in ____.
A. 1422 B. 1478
C. 1485 D. 1495
11. James VI of Scotland succeeded Elizabeth I and became James I of England
in ____.
A. 1601 B. 1603
C. 1615 D. 1625
12. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. The Puritans believed that the Reformation had gone too far.
B. The Puritans became very powerful in Parliament.
C. The Puritans were very happy when they heard that James had become
king of England.
D. The Puritans called for a purer form of worship.
13. The Puritans suspected James I of England being a secret ____because of
his pro-Spanish foreign policy and his son's Spanish marriage alliance.
A. Buddhist B. Catholic
C. Protestant D. Muslim
14. In ____ a small group of Puritans sailed from Plymouth in the Mayflower,
and found New Plymouth in America, Britain's first settlement in the New
World.
A. 1614 B. 1615
C. 1620 D. 1621
15. The Great Civil War, as it became known, lasted from ____ until 1646.
A. 1639 B. 1640
C. 1641 D. 1642
16. When the First Civil War broke out ____men were at Charles I's command.
A. 1,000 B. 2,000
C. 3,000 D. 4,000
17. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England
in 1653 by the Petition of Right.
B. Oliver Cromwell crushed without mercy a rebellion in Ireland.
C. Oliver Cromwell suppressed the Levellers, a group within his own
army who advocated total religious and social equality.
D. Oliver Cromwell replaced the Rump with an assembly largely chosen by
himself.
18. In 1660 the monarchy was restored and Charles I's son was brought back
from ____, where he had fled for safety.
A. Flanders B. France
C. Holland D. Germany
19. After the Restoration, Parliament passed a series of severe laws called
____against the Puritans, now known as Conformists.
A. Agreement of People B. The Petition of Right
C. The Clarendon Code D. The Act of Supremacy
20. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. The Bill of Rights excluded any Roman Catholics from the succession.
B. The Bill of Rights confirmed the principle of parliamentary
supremacy.
C. The Bill of Rights guaranteed free speech within both the House of
Lords and the House of Commons.
D. The Bill of Rights requested that no taxes should be raised without
consent of Parliament.
1.C 2. B 3.A 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.D 10.C 11.B 12.A 13. B 14. C 15.D 16.A 17.A 18.B 19.C 20.D
Ⅱ.Define each of the following term in English.
1. The Wars of the Roses
2. The Puritans
3. The Spanish Armada
4. William Shakespeare
5. The Divine Rights of Kings
(答案参见课程精讲)
III. Give a brief answer to each of the following questions.
1. What are the emblems of the Houses of York and Lancaster?
2. What was the impact of the Wars of the Roses on feudalism in England?
3. How did Elizabeth I try to avoid troubling Parliament too far for
pounds?
4. What questions did Elizabeth I treat as personal and private?
5. How did Elizabeth I manage to maintain a friendly relationship with
France?
6. When was Mary Queen of Scots executed?
7. What did the destruction of the Spanish Armada show?
8. What was the long-term result of the Gunpowder Plot?
9. What was Puritanism noted for?
10. What is the constitutional monarchy?
(答案参见课程精讲)
IV. Write about 100 words on each of the following questions or topics.
1. What were the nature and consequences of the Wars of the Roses?
2. What were the characteristics of the English Renaissance?
3. What do you know about the Gunpowder Plot of 1605?
4. What were the Commonwealth and the Protectorate?
5. What do you know about the 'Glorious Revolution' of 1688?
1.When England was defeated in the Hundred Years' War in 1453 power was in
the hands of a number of rich and ambitious nobles. Because the Hundred
Years' War ended, they had to seek a new outlet for their ambition by an
attempt to dominate the government at home. There was also a mass of unemployed soldiers. So in 1455, a war broke out between the Houses of
York and Lancaster, and more wars were fought in the 30 years to come.
But the interests of the majority of the common people were not deeply
engaged. So the nature of the Wars of the Roses was fierce struggle for
the throne between the two branches of the Plantagenet family. The great
medieval nobility was weakened and discredited. Feudalism received its
death blow.
2.The English Renaissance began in the late 15th century and it had some
noticeable characteristics: (1) English culture was revitalized not so
much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the
influences of the classics; (2) England followed a course of social and
political history greatly independent of the course of history elsewhere
in Europe; (3) thanks to the great poet Chaucer, the native literature
was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating foreign
influences without being subjected by them; (4) English Renaissance was
largely literary and literature is primarily artistic, rather than
philosophical and scholarly; and (5) the Reformation coincided with the
Reformation in England.
3. King James I believed in the divine rights of kings. He refused all the
proposals for change in religious matters from both the Puritans and
the Catholics. On November 5, 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted
to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament
where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars. The
immediate result of this plot was the execution of Fawkes and his
fellow conspirators and the imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws.
The long-term result has been an annual celebration on November 5, when
a bonfire is lit to burn a guy and a firework display is arranged.
4. Immediately after King Charles I's execution in 1649, Oliver Cromwell
and the 'Rump' declared England a commonwealth, a republic regime. One
of Cromwell's first acts was to crush without mercy a rebellion in
Ireland. Another was the suppression of the Levellers, a group within
his own army who proposed a radical political program. In December
1653, by an Instrument of Government, Cromwell became Lord Protector of
the Commonwealth of England. Ruling increasingly by decree, Cromwell
instituted direct military rule and became more and more tyrannical.
When Cromwell died in 1658, he was succeeded by his son Richard. The
Protectorate ended in1660 when Charles I's son was summoned by
Parliament from his long exile in France as King Charles II.
5. When Charles II died in 1685, he was succeeded by his brother, James
II. James II was a Catholic and hoped to be able to rule without giving
up his personal religious views. But England in 1688 could not tolerate a
Catholic as king. The English politicians appealed to a Protestant king,
William of Orange, James' Dutch nephew and the husband of Mary, James'
daughter, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in
November 1688. On their acceptance of the Bill of Rights (1688), William
and Mary were crowned jointly in Westminster Abbey. Thus the age of
constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament,
began.
Exercises 5
I. Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each
unfinished statement or question four suggested answers marked A, B, C and
D are given. Choose the one you think best completes the statements or
answers the question.
1. Traditional farming involved the open field village, a system that dated
back to the ____century.
A. 4th B. 5th
C. 6th D. 7th
2. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. The open field system provided a good opportunity to experiment.
B. The open field system wasted land.
C. The open field system was wasteful of labor and time.
D. The open field system made livestock farming difficult.
3. Which of the following statements is NOT considered a characteristic of
farming in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?
A. Use of artificial fertilizer.
B. Introduction of new agricultural machinery.
C. The 'Open-field' system.
D. A system of crop rotation.
4. Land enclosure was a disaster for the ____evicted from their land by the
enclosures.
A. landlords B. tenants
C. farmers D. wage laborers
5. In Ireland and Scottish Highlands land enclosure led to mass emigration,
particularly to ____.
A. Africa B. Eastern Europe
C. Asia D. The New World
6. By the early 19th century, Britain had a road network of some ____miles.
A. 115,000 B. 120,000
C. 125,000 D. 130,000
7. In England no females were allowed to vote in national elections before
____.
A. 1918 B. 1920
C. 1928 D. 1945
8. In 1836 a group of ____and small shopkeepers formed the London Working
Men's Association.
A. householders B. tenants
C. skilled workers D. office workers
9. The six points of the People's Charter were achieved gradually over the
period of ____, although the sixth has never been practical.
A. 1836-1848 B. 1842-1848
C. 1848-1908 D. 1858-1918
10. Parliament passed the Combination Acts of 1799-1800 to forbid the
formation of ____.
A. a new government B. societies
C. communes D. unions
11. The Labor Party had its origins in the ____, which was formed in
January,1893.
A. Independent Labor Party
B. Grand National Consolidated Trade Union
C. Amalgamated Society of Engineers
D. Trade Union Congress
12. Thanks to the militant feminist movement of the ____led by Mrs. Pankhurst
before the First World War, votes were granted to women over 30 in 1918.
A. Luddites B. Suffragettes
C. Chartists D. Levellers
13. The spark of the First World War was struck at Sarajevo on June 28, ____,
when the Austrian Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a
Serbian nationalist.
A. 1913 B. 1914
C. 1915 D. 1916
14. As a result of the First World War settlement the ____was established in
1920.
A. League of Nations B. British Commonwealth
C. British East India Company D. United Nations
15. After World War I political unrest in Britain led to ____general
elections in just over 5 years.
A. 2 B. 3
C. 4 D. 5
16. The Blitz radically changed the face of London for the first time since
____nearly 3 centuries earlier.
A. the Black Death B. the Great Fire
C. the Civil War D. the Great Plague
17. The foundations of ____was laid in the late 1940s, providing free medical
care for everyone and financial help for the old, the sick and the
unemployed.
A. the welfare state
B. the National Health Service
C. the compulsory education
D. the Women's Liberation Movement
18. In the 1960s Pop music underwent a revolution when the Beatles became
world famous and turned their hometown of ____into a place of pilgrimage.
A. Manchester B. Blackpool
C. Liverpool D. Sheffield
19. The 1970s saw the growth of ___in Wales and Scotland.
A. liberalism B. Marxism
C. chauvinism D. nationalism
20. Margaret Thatcher believed in the following except____.
A. self-reliance
B. the strengthening of trade unions
C. privatization
D. the use of monetary policies to control inflation
1.B 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.C 7. A 8.C 9. D 10.D 11.A 12.B 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.B 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.B
Ⅱ.Define each of the following term in English.
1. Rotten Boroughs
2. Mrs. Pankhurst
3. The Roaring Twenties
4. The Beatles
5. The Swinging Sixties
(答案参见课程精讲)
III. Give a brief answer to each of the following questions.
1. What did the Whigs stand for in the early 19th century?
2. Why did changes in farming methods affect lives of millions in the
18th century?
3. What did the landowners want to do in the late 18th and early 19th
centuries?
4. Why was King George III nicknamed 'Farmer George'?
5. What were the two events which most alarmed the British ruling classes
in the closing decades of the 18th century?
6. When did the British begin to transport convicts to Australia?
7. What was the result of the general strike of 1926?
8. Why did Edward VIII abdicate in 1936 after a reign of 10 months?
9. When did Britain finally become a full member of the European Economic
Community?
10. Why was Mrs. Thatcher removed from office in 1990?
(答案参见课程精讲)
IV. Write about 100 words on each of the following questions or topics.
1. What were the results of land enclosure in England?
2. Why was Britain the first country to industrialize?
3. What is the significance of the Chartist Movement (1836-1848?)?
4. How did the Labor Party come into being?
5. What are the main contents of Thatcherism?
Exercises 7
I. Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each
unfinished statement or question four suggested answers marked A, B, C and
D are given. Choose the one you think best completes the statements or
answers the question.
1. The economic policy Britain pursued in the 1950s and 1960s was based on
the theory of ____.
A. Adam Smith B. John Maynard Keynes
C. Margaret Thatcher D. Karl Marx
2. In the 1970s Britain maintained the _____ growth rate and the _____
inflation rate among the developed countries.
A. lowest/lowest B. highest/highest
C. lowest/highest D. highest/lowest
3. Under Margaret Thatcher Britain experienced _______.
A. economic recession B. economic expansion
C. economic decline D. economic depression
4. In Britain service industries account for about ____ of its gross domestic
product (GDP).
A. one-third B. two-thirds
C. three-fifths D. four-fifths
5. The following are the reasons why British coal mining is today called a
"sick" industry except _____.
A. Britain has used up almost all coal deposits
B. the demand for British coal has declined
C. petroleum, water power, and electric power are replacing coal for
many purposes
D. the old British mines are narrow and deep, making it difficult to
sue machines fro mining.
6. Which of the following is not true of British iron and steel industry?
A. Britain's steel industry is declining.
B. No more new discoveries of iron ore have been found in Britain.
C. Supplies of iron ore are now mostly foreign.
D. Compared with newer plants in the world, Britain's steelworks are
not efficient.
7. Rolls-Royce is world famous for _____.
A. machine tools
B. household appliances
C. luxury automobiles
D. high-quality knives and hand tools
8. Why is it that Britain today imports more clothing than it exports?
A. British clothing is of poor quality.
B. Britain does not grow cotton.
C. Many countries with lower costs can produce clothing more cheaply
than the British can.
D. Britain has a highly developed transportation system.
9. The area between _____ and ______ is now often referred to as the
"Silicon Glen".
A. London/South Wales B. the Oxford/the Cambridge
C. London/the Cambridge D. Glasgow/Edinburgh
10. Which of the following is not true of Britain's agriculture?
A. British farming is highly mechanized.
B. Agriculture in Britain is intensive.
C. British farming is very efficient.
D. Britain's agriculture can produce enough food for its people.
11. Which area is called the Garden of England and is famous for beautiful
blossoms in spring?
A. The county of Kent in southeastern England.
B. The county of East Sussex in southern England.
C. The county of West Sussex in southern England.
D. The county of Essex in eastern England.
12. Britain once imported chiefly _____ and exported mostly ______.
A. manufactured products/raw materials
B. raw materials/manufactured products
C. foods/minerals
D. minerals/foods
13. Britain's leading customers and suppliers are France, Germany and _____.
A. Japan B. Belgium
C. the Netherlands D. the United States
14. Which of the following is not true of Britain's foreign trade?
A. The value of Britain's exports of goods usually exceeds the value of
its imports.
B. The value of Britain's imports of goods usually exceeds the value of
its exports.
C. Manufactured goods now account for about 85% of British imports and
about 80% of its exports.
D. Most of the United Kingdom's trade is with other developed
countries,especially other members of the European Union.
15. The European Union (EU) is an organization of 15 _____ that promotes
cooperation among its members.
A. European countries B. developed countries
C. Western European countries D. Southern European countries
16. Which of the following is not true of the European Union?
A. The United States is also a member of the EU.
B. The members of the EU cooperate in many areas, including politics
and economics.
C. The EU is a major economic unit.
D. The combined value of the union's imports and exports is greater
than that of any single country in the world.
17. Headquarters of the European Union are in ______.
A. Paris, France B. London, Britain
C. Berlin, Germany D. Brussels, Belgium
18. _____ started as a trading post of the Roman Empire about AD 43.
A. The City of Westminster B. The City of London
C. West End of London D. East End of London
19. Today, the City of London is the business center of London where _____
are located.
A. big supermarkets B. theatres and cinemas
C. large financial organizations D. restaurants and cafes
20. What is Lloyd's?
A. It is a famous bank.
B. It is a big department store.
C. It is a famous insurance company.
D. It is a large hotel.
1.B 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.C 9.D 10.D 11.A 12.B 13.D 14.A 15.C 16.A 17.D 18.B 19.C 20.C
Ⅱ.Define each of the following term in English.
1. balance of payments
2. Keynesianism
3. microeconomic policies
4. agribusiness
5. invisible trade
(答案参见课程精讲)
III. Give a brief answer to each of the following questions.
1. What are the economic problems Britain is now faced with?
2. What percentage of British workers is employed in service industries?
3. Why were early factories located near the coalfields?
4. In which British industry did the
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